网友可以仔细阅读夸克这段论述，然后你对系表结构和动状结构的划分就有较好的理解了。注意夸克所说的subject complement就是表语，verbless clause 就是无动词分句做状语（即名词词组或形容词词组做状语）。

Subject complement or verbless clause

10.16 There is a gradient relating the functional categories of complement and

adverbial. The copula at its purest, ie a verb having merely a linking function,

is the verb BE. Other copular verbs combine pure linking function with other

meanings. For example, become has a resultative meaning, grow (He grew

angry) usually adds a notion of gradual change, and look (She looked happy)

adds a notion of inference from appearance.

The element following the verb is clearly a complement if the verb can

acceptably be replaced by be with the final element retaining its sense and if

the verb cannot be intransitive. Thus very quiet in He became very quiet is a

complement because we can have He was very quiet and we cannot have *He

became. The final element is a complement also when the verb cannot be

intransitive in the same sense. Thus very quiet in He grew very quiet is a

complement, since we cannot have He grew in the same sense.

At the other extreme of the gradient, the final element is a verbless clause

with adverbial status where the independence of the construction is marked

by intonation or punctuation:

He waited, anxious for a reply. ['He waited', 'He was anxious for a reply.']

She was standing, a picture of innocence.

Here, we can substitute be, but the verb retains its full sense without the final

element. The adverbial status of the final element is shown by the possibility

of omitting it without affecting the acceptability of the sentence. Adverbial

status is confirmed when the element can readily be fronted:

Anxious for a reply, he waited.

Along the gradient from that extreme, we find similar instances without

intonation or punctuation separation:

He died a poor man. ['He was a poor man when he died.']

They married young.

He came in drunk.

They parted good friends.

Further along the gradient we find greater collocational restrictions

between the final element and the verb, ie fewer adjective or noun phrases

can provide complementation for the verb, showing a closer connection

between the final element and the verb. The first set readily allows omission

of the final element without affecting the meaning of the verb :

The fire is burning low.

The sun shone bright.

He blushed scarlet.

The door banged shut.

In the second set, complementation of the verb is more usually required in

the same sense:

The weather is continuing mild.

They are pleading guilty.

This detergent washes whiter.

We come next to instances where the verb cannot be intransitive, at least

in the same sense. These are more clearly copular verbs, with the final

element as subject complement. Some verbs are restricted in the complements they allow, restricted either syntactically (to adjective phrases only or to noun phrases only) or collocationally (to a relatively few lexical items) or in both respects :

Jane will make a good doctor.

The children are going hungry.

They turned conservative.

Bob's explanation doesn't ring true.

Your hands feel cold.

The room smells musty.

Mary fell silent.

Dan's hair is wearing thin.

The well ran dry.

Some verbs are somewhat less restricted, though noun phrases are less usual

in AmE :

She seemed the right choice. [also: She seemed to be the right choice.]

Max appears upset. [also: Max appears to be upset.]

Nora looked sober.

The verbs become and remain.are closest to the pure copula in that they

impose no restrictions on the choice of the complement.

关于这个问题，我也谈一下自己的看法：

◆“表语”、“主语补足语”，其实都是谓语的一部分。“主语补足语”这个说法，实际就是指“表语”，一般不再单独列出，该术语在现代语法中已经淡出。现在流行的“主语补足语” 通常是“宾语补足语”变来的，即原来主动语态的“宾语补足语”，在被动语态下变成“主语补足语”。除此之外，没有其他形式的“主语补足语”，关于这一点，我和曹老师的观点完全吻合，也是不谋而合。

◆针对这类结构如何分析，我举一个例子说明：

They married young.“他们年纪轻轻就结婚了。”

该句中的 young，在薄冰、赵振才等语法著作中，认为是主语补足语。实话实说，这种分析确实过时了。起码是不科学的。

首先，young 跟主语和谓语都有一定的关系。那么，They married young. 所传达的信息重心是“他们年轻”还是“结婚年轻”？当然，young跟主语也不无关系，可是我觉得，句子表达的重心是后者，说明“结婚时间早，结婚年龄太小，早婚”。可以想见的是：Perhaps they are very old now, but they got married when they were quite young. 因此，应把 young 看作状语，修饰谓语动词 married，表明结婚的时间，似乎更为合理。

◆一个句子的两大版块：主语 + 谓语。主语虽然是句子描写的主体，但它毕竟是一个很简单的成分。现代语法分析，更加注重谓语的作用，更加关注谓语的形成。因为主语的内容单一，变化较少。所以，在分析句子成分时，要往谓语倾斜。注意：谓语不是单一的一个动词，而是一个庞大的部分，它包含着状语在内。状语应是一个很复杂的成分，需要多加关注。

前面各位老师提供的资料都很好，很有参考价值，考虑到大多数网看夸克的原版内容不方便，我按照曹老师提供的原文找到了夸克语法翻译版的截图，贴在下面，供大家参考：

我斗胆问一句，认为是 marry young, die young, die a hero 中动词后面的名词或形容词是状语，有权威的依据吗？网友关心的正是这个“权威”依据。我问了身边的一些英语高手，没有一个认为是状语的，基本上认为是主语补语（表语），而且我翻了手头的一些资料也认为是主语补语。既然语法著作都认为是主语补语，那我们为什么要分析为状语呢？

请问一下：有哪本语法著作上认为这样用的名词和形容词是状语吗？

这本身就是有争议的，对一般学生而言，准确理解了意思，也知道如何使用即可。很多名称是语法学家出自不同角度的解释，搞的文字游戏而已，以达到或保持学术霸主地位。

【一】主语+married+young 这个句子结构主要描述的是“谓语动词动作(结婚)发生时，主语所处的一种状态，即主语处于后面形容词描述的那种(年轻的)状态。”这个观点基本上大家都是一致统一的。

He married young.=He was young when he got married.

【观点1】双重谓语：married同时扮演2种动词功能，即行为动词和系动词。

【观点2】形容词young作补语:补充说明主语的状态。

【观点3】形容词young作状语：修饰谓语动词“married”

以上英语句子语言现象的3种语法观点，可以根据自己接受度去选择自己认为最合理的观点去理解接受并使用。

【二】主语+died+young 这个句子结构主要描述的是“谓语动词动作(去世)发生时，主语所处的一种状态，即主语处于后面形容词描述的那种(年轻的)状态。”这个观点基本上大家都是一致统一的。

He died young=He was young when he died.

【观点1】双重谓语：died同时扮演2种动词功能，即行为动词和系动词。

【观点2】形容词young作补语:补充说明主语的状态。

【观点3】形容词young作状语：修饰谓语动词“died”

以上英语句子语言现象的3种语法观点，可以根据自己接受度去选择自己认为最合理的观点去理解接受并使用。