3 in what has是什么用法
No longer. The Internet-and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it- is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.
请问老师：
1. in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor是作状语吗？
2. until now是状语吗？我看到有的解释说，这里的until now是插入语？
3. 这里的what指的是什么呢？老师能否翻译下这句话的意思呢？
最佳答案 2021-12-26 23:11
It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavour.
1. 句中的 until now 是时间状语（不是插入语），只是这个时间状语被插在句子中间了，其实也可以放在句末。如：
It signals a change in what has been a key element of scientific endeavour until now.
2. 句中的 in 是介词，它后面的 what has been a key element of scientific endeavour until now 引导的宾语从句，用作介词 in 的宾语。
3. 句意：它表明，到目前为止一个被视为科研活动的关键因素已经有了变化。
4. 类似的例子：
(1) This has, in fact, turned out to be a wonderful escape clause for dishonest employers everywhere. 事实上，这已经成为所有狡猾的雇主们用来躲避责任的绝妙条款。
比较：In fact, this has turned out to be a wonderful escape clause for dishonest employers everywhere.
(2) He has, since then, looked after her as if she were his own mother. 从那之后，他就把她当作自己的亲妈那样照顾。
比较：Since then, he has looked after her as if she were his own mother. 从那之后，他就把她当作自己的亲妈一样照顾。
(3) The new exams have been designed for weaker students who, until now, have been set unattainable targets. 新的考卷是针对那些之前没有达到所订目标的较差的学生设计的。
比较：The new exams have been designed for weaker students who have been set unattainable targets until now.
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