老师好,有以下问题想请教一下。
1. I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end.
请问was worth it是不是错了,主系表应该是was worth。那这个it又代表什么呢?
2. His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.
其中be based on是动词短语还是系表结构+介词短语呢?
3. Nothing is so easy as for patents to raise their expectations of their children too high.
这里为什么是as for parents,直接for parents不行吗。As for parents是做什么结构,修饰系表吗?
4. His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out what it is he is trying to express?
这里为什么what it is。直接what he is trying to express不就可以了,what it is he is trying to express又是什么结构呢?另外,confusing+从句是什么结构呢?
5. It is never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.
这it是形式主语吗,to bedtime修饰exercise,too close修饰to bedtime吗?
6. It is the third time that she has won the race, which has surprised us all.
这里it是形式主语吗,如果不是it代表什么呢?
7. 系表机构和被动语态be done的区分:
As is known to all, China is the biggest developing country in the world.
这里As是代替后面的句子,is known是系表结构还是被动呢,to all是修饰什么呢。一般情况下系表结构和be done这种情况怎么区分呢(动词过去分词是形容词)?
网友的问题逐个解答如下:
老师好,有以下问题想请教一下。
1. I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end.
请问was worth it是不是错了,主系表应该是was worth。那这个it又代表什么呢?
——was worth it 没错。其实,worth 是形容词(=whorthwhile),也是介词(例如:The film is worth seeing. 介词用法)。如果用作介词,后面必须接宾语。本句是介词,it 仍然是虚拟宾语,无所指(没有它句子不完整,跟 What do you think of it over there. I like it here. 是一个道理)。注意 it 的虚拟宾语用法。
You like it here, don’t you? 你喜欢它在这儿,对吗?
【答】本句应该这样翻译:你喜欢这里,对吗?因为it没有实际意义,不能翻译成“它”,从某种意义上讲,it实际是副词here的指代词。
在这类表达中,首先肯定的是,it 不是形式宾语,而是一个虚拟的代词(暂且叫做代词),没有它,句子就不完整,句子就缺少必要的成分。因为like是及物动词,不能没有宾语。这时,为了让句子完整,我们需要找一个“替代宾语”,这个替代宾语就是it。
英语中的it,在某些句中的用法相当特殊,一是词性不明,二是词义不清。它究竟指代什么,很难找出确切的答案。有人称之为“假主语”或“假宾语”(sham subject or sham object),也有人称之为“不定主语”或“不定宾语”(indefinite subject or indefinite object),也有人称之为“无确切含义的it”(unspecified it)。总之,众说纷纭,言人人殊。但有一点是肯定的:it 的语法意义在于,它弥补了句子成分的空缺而让句子完整。
常见的类似用法举例:
Now you’ll catch it. 现在你要倒霉了。
Deuce take it. 该死。
Now you’ve done it. 你做错了。
Cut it. 停止/走开。
Drop it. 别闹了。
If you work hard, you will make it. 你若努力,就会成功。
【归纳】与it一起构成“习语”的动词,常见的有:
1. 表示“日常活动”的不及物动词转化为及物动词:walk it, come it, go it
2. 表示“人的职位或动物”的名词转化来的动词:king it, lord it, queen it, clerk it, pig it, dog it
3. 表示“住宿地点”的名词转化来的动词:hotel it, inn it
4. 表示“人体部位”的名词转化来的动词:face it, foot it, leg it
5. 表示“交通工具”的名词转化来的动词:bus it, tube it, train it, taxi it, cab it
6. 某些“形容词”转化来的动词:brave it, rough it, cool it
7. 表示“日常活动”的一些及物动词:have it, catch it, make it, take it, do it, cut it, drop it
8. 固定说法:
You are in for it.
Keep at it.
That’s worst of it.
That’s best of it.
We had a good time of it.
关于 worth it 的例句:
It was worth it to see all those smiling faces. 看到所有那些微笑的面庞,这么做是值得的。
《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》
So, Soupios explains, it is not worth it to waste our physical, intellectual and spiritual energy worrying about things that are beyond our control. 因此斯皮奥斯解释说,浪费体力、智力和精力去担心超出我们控制能力之外的事情是不值得的。
四级真题- 2016年 6月 3卷信息匹配
The job involves a lot of hard work but it's worth it. 这工作需要花费很大力气,但是值得。
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》
She knew she was taking a gamble but decided it was worth it. 她知道是在冒险,但她认为冒这个险值得。
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》
Don't risk it. It isn't worth it. 不要冒这个险。这样做不值得。
《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》
2. His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.
其中be based on是动词短语还是系表结构+介词短语呢?
——系表结构或被动语态均可,看作系表结构更好。be based on :系动词 + 过去分词形容词 +介词
3. Nothing is so easy as for patents to raise their expectations of their children too high.
这里为什么是as for parents,直接for parents不行吗。As for parents是做什么结构,修饰系表吗?
——这是 as/so...as...比较结构。所比较的两个项目一个是nothing,一个是不定式复合结构(含有逻辑主语的不定式)for patents to raise their expectations of their children too high.
4. His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out what it is he is trying to express?
这里为什么what it is。直接what he is trying to express不就可以了,what it is he is trying to express又是什么结构呢?另外,confusing+从句是什么结构呢?
——what it is he is trying to express 是 make out 的宾语从句。这个宾语从句本身是个强调结构:it is something that he is trying to express。就something 提问,就成了what it is (that)he is trying to express。此外,这是 so...that...表示结果的复合句。so confusing that...
5. It is never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.
这it是形式主语吗,to bedtime修饰exercise,too close修饰to bedtime吗?
——是的。It 是形式主语。close to (临近;靠近)看作复合介词,close to bedtime 为介词短语,作exercise的时间状语。
6. It is the third time that she has won the race, which has surprised us all.
这里it是形式主语吗,如果不是it代表什么呢?
——不是形式主语。it 在本句是表示“次数”的代词。it 还可以表示时间、距离、天气、环境等。
7. 系表机构和被动语态be done的区分:
As is known to all, China is the biggest developing country in the world.
这里As是代替后面的句子,is known是系表结构还是被动呢,to all是修饰什么呢。一般情况下系表结构和be done这种情况怎么区分呢(动词过去分词是形容词)?
——是的,传统语法把as 看作关系代词,指代后面整个句子。As is known to all 是系表结构,known 为形容词,to 为介词(多某人来说),to us作对象状语。
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