老师好,有以下问题想请教一下。
定语从句若干问题
1. In order to find the missing child, villagers have been doing all they can over the past five hours.
这里all they can是定语从句吗,为什么定语从句没有动词,我觉得应该是all (that) they can do是省略了do吗?
2. Is honesty the best policy? We are taught that it is when we are little.
这里that it is 是宾语从句吗,这个it代表什么呢honesty?并且缺少表语。此外,we are taught that it is the best policy when we are little。完整的宾语从句是不是应该这样。
3. To improve the quality of our products, we asks for suggestions whoever had used the products.
这里ask for是及物动词吗,whoever had used the products是什么从句?定语从句?先行词呢?
4. They are doing all they can?
为什么不是They are doing all they can do,定语从句不完整啊?
5. By the time jack returned home from England…
这里是介词短语by the time是介词短语作时间状语,改成By the time when jack returned home from England,定语从句可以吗。这两个等价吗?谢谢老师!
你显然对英语的替代及省略现象了解不够。英语忌讳没有必要的重复,因而多采用省略和替代。你可以找一本语法书,阅读省略和替代一章。
1 villagers have been doing all they can...
all (that) they can (do) 中,主句有实意动词do, 定语从句重读操作词can, can=can do. 避免重复动词do。关系代词在定语从句中作宾语,可以省略。这你应该知道的。
2 We are taught that it is when... 这个句子中的it is 为宾语从句中的主语和系词。 is是要重读的,is为操作词,重读操作词可以替代谓语部分,所以is = is the best policy. 实际上,这里说出表语是多余的,是不符合英语表达习惯的。这里要用操作词替代。
3 we asks for suggestions whoever had used the products.
whoever had used the products为名词性关系分句作asks的宾语, whoever=anyone who。for suggestions为状语。由于宾语为名词性关系分句,比较长,所以宾语后移到状语之后,符合英语句子尾重原则。这种现象称为宾语后移postponing of object.
4 这个问题与第一个问题重复,答案相同。故从略。
5 by the time _ 后接time的定语从句,通常省略关系词that。现代语法认为这里用零关系词zero relative word.
我们在COCA语料库检索by the time when+从句,发现8个结果;检索by the time that+从句,得到330多个结果;检索by the time+从句(即省略关系词),得到33000多个结果。由此可知,by the time后接从句,通常是省略关系词的。所以会有人把by the time重新分析为复合连词,引导时间状语从句。
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