1. So in his bed, whither he repaired with no hope of sleep.

This is literary language.   whither = where，repair = go

= So in his bed, where he went with no hope of sleep.

2. That is despite the fact that the education levels of young women are also rising.
that 指代前文；is = happens；despite the fact that = though

原句等于：That happens though the education levels of young women are also rising.

尽管年轻女性的教育水平也在提高，但这种情况还是发生了。

3.  for whatever I can get a career out of and make decent money：

out of 缺少宾语，由 whatever 充当，out of 表示“来历；来源”。for whatever ...的含义是“为了获得任何知识”，而这任何知识则是“我得到一份职业的来源”。句意：......重返学校深造，获得所需知识由此找到一份职业，并赚体面的钱。

and make decent money 与 whatever 无关了。

还有，这里是不是漏掉了 me： and wants me to go back to school for whatever I can get a career out of and make decent money. 不然， I can get a career out of...来的太突然！