I called on Mrs. Strickland before I left. I had not seen her for some time, and I noticed changes in her; it was not only that she was older, thinner, and more lined; I think her character had altered. She had made a success of her business, and now had an office in Chancery Lane; she did little typing herself, but spent her time correcting the work of the four girls she employed. She had had the idea of giving it a certain daintiness, and she made much use of blue and red inks; she bound the copy in coarse paper, that looked vaguely like watered silk, in various pale colours; and she had acquired a reputation for neatness and accuracy. She was making money. But she could not get over the idea that to earn her living was somewhat undignified, and she was inclined to remind you that she was a lady by birth. She could not help bringing into her conversation the names of people she knew which would satisfy you that she had not sunk in the social scale. She was a little ashamed of her courage and business capacity, but delighted that she was going to dine the next night with a K.C. who lived in South Kensington. She was pleased to be able to tell you that her son was at Cambridge, and it was with a little laugh that she spoke of the rush of dances to which her daughter, just out, was invited. I suppose I said a very stupid thing.
"Is she going into your business?" I asked.
"Oh no; I wouldn't let her do that," Mrs. Strickland answered. "She's so pretty. I'm sure she'll marry well."
"I should have thought it would be a help to you."
"Several people have suggested that she should go on the stage, but of course I couldn't consent to that, I know all the chief dramatists, and I could get her a part to-morrow, but I shouldn't like her to mix with all sorts of people."
I was a little chilled by Mrs. Strickland's exclusiveness.
"Do you ever hear of your husband?"
"No; I haven't heard a word. He may be dead for all I know."
"I may run across him in Paris. Would you like me to let you know about him?"
She hesitated a minute.
麻烦老师详解一下这里"I should have thought it would be a help to you."表达的含义,是对过去的虚拟,还是对过去的推测呢?主要是如何理解?
谢谢老师!
并非所有的虚拟语气形式都能补上一个虚拟条件句。例如:I wish I were as smart as you. 这个that从句谓语动词显然是虚拟语气,可你怎么补上if从句呢?所以,理解虚拟语气不能基于是否能补上一个虚拟条件句,而是说话人用动词的过去形式表示现在或将来的时间指向,或者用动词的had done形式表示过去时间指向。以此来区别于陈述语气用动词的现在形式表示现在或将来的时间指向,用动词的过去形式表示过去的时间指向。
现在假设你要表示你现在的一个看法或观点,你可以说 I think it will be a help to you. 你用think这个现在形式表示你现在的看法,用will be表示你现在对将来的预测。这是直来直去的表达。
但英国人以优雅、圆滑、绅士风度而著称,这也体现在他们的语言中——说话委婉、间接。明明是表示现在的看法,却不用动词的现在形式,而用过去形式表示现在:
I thought it would be a help to you. 这种用过去式表示现在的时间指向,就属于传统语法虚拟语气的用法——表示委婉。
还可以用情态动词would表示委婉:I would think it would be a help to you. 英国英语主语为第一人称时用should.
以上thought/would think二种形式都是说话人委婉地表达自己目前的看法。对于自己的看法是否正确或是否能被对方接受,自己是不知道的。这种形式属于广义的虚拟语气(传统语法)范畴。这与陈述语气think形成对比。
如果听话人过去有个观点,这个观点是否正确不得而知,用陈述语气(过去形式表示过去时间)表示就是:
I thought it would be a help to you. 说话人谈论过去,和现在无关。
如果说话人现在已经知道过去的观点是错误的,则用had done表示这个观点,则为虚拟语气:
I had thought it would be a help to you. 看来我原来的观点是错误的。我本以为...
更为委婉地说法是,I would/should have thought it would be a help to you. 我本以为...
以上二句用完成体表示过去时间指向,表示委婉,属于虚拟语气的范畴。
这种用法与下面表示未能实现的过去计划/打算/意图的结构有类似之处。
I had planned/intended/meant etc to do sth. 本计划等做某事而实际未做成。
= I planned/intended/meant etc to have done sth. 本计划等做某事而实际未做成。
should have done sth. 未能履行的过去的责任/义务
would have done sth. 未能实现的过去愿望
would like to have done sth = would have liked to do sth. 为能做成本想做的事。
...
这些都属于传统语法虚拟语气的范畴。
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