CNN 10 《U.S. Politics And The Vote Certification Process》

Now, let's take a look at a few key remaining deadlines left until inauguration day in January.

The first thing to look out for is December 8. That is safe harbor deadline. This is the date by which states are meant to have counted their votes, settle disputes and determine the winner of the Electoral College votes.

This date is extremely important because when Congress needs to tally the electoral votes in January, it must accept the electors certified before this deadline.

请教老师：在 This is the date by which states are meant to have counted their votes, settle disputes and determine the winner of the Electoral College votes中，

1）这里by which等同于when吗？ 这里用by是否是by+“时间点“的用法？

2）这里的are meat to是被动语态吗？或meant当形容词用吗？ 另外，为什么to have counted用了完成体，而随后却是一般体((to) settle disputes and (to) determine...) ？

这是否表明count动作需要在谓语之前先发生，而后面的2个一般体将和谓语同时或晚于谓语动作发生呢？本文中，我理解是后面的2个一般体是晚于谓语are meant发生，不知对否？