请问这是“简化的关系从句”,还是“非谓语动词作后置定语”

以下这段语法点来自Michael Swan Practical English Usage(牛津英语语法第四版):


简化的关系从句:the objects recovered


例句1Many of the objects recovered by the police were found to have been stolen from homes in the neighbourhood.(=....the objects that were recovered ....)


例句2:  Two wolves seen roaming in the New Forest are believed to have escaped from a nearby private zoo.( = ... wolves that have been seen ...)


请教老师:


问题1: 这种 “名词+分词结构”(也包括现在分词,书中也提到过,同样认为属于简化的关系从句),是按照语法书所说的,理解成简化的关系从句比较好,还是直接理解成非谓语动词作名词的后置定语比较好,因为虽然这本语法书是这样说,但没有看到其它地方如此来解释过。


问题2:  第一个例句the objects that were recovered还原成了一般过去被动结构,第二个例句wolves that have been seen 则还原成了现在完成被动结构,感觉这两个例句的结构和时态都比较相似,为什么作者要做此区别,一个一般时,一个完成时。


问题3:这种 “主语(非先行词it+be助动词+过去分词(非adj+不定式/that从句/介词短语/形容词/副词/名词成分”的结构,是否也能认为它们和主系表结构一样,把后面的这些成分,都看作是像表语的补语那样的成分,尤其是在过去分词,不属于普遍被认为已经形容词化的情况下,虽然毫不影响理解这种结构,但一直不知该怎么称呼这些成分。

 

例如:


Fibre is found in cereal foods, beans, fruit and vegetables. (介词短语)


She was found guilty of manslaughter and put on probation for two years. (名词短语+介词短语)


They were told at first that they should simply expel the refugees. (that从句)


The interior walls were painted green.(形容词)


I would like to know why we pensioners are being so badly treated. (副词,此处被放在前面了)


Many aspiring young artists are advised to learn by copying the masters. (动词不定式)


感谢各位老师的阅读和解答,这次的问题有点长,对占用了您的时间,感到抱歉!


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最佳答案 2020-11-26 00:50

以下这段语法点来自Michael Swan Practical English Usage(牛津英语语法第四版):

简化的关系从句:the objects recovered

例句1Many of the objects recovered by the police were found to have been stolen from homes in the neighbourhood.(=....the objects that were recovered ....)

例句2:  Two wolves seen roaming in the New Forest are believed to have escaped from a nearby private zoo.( = ... wolves that have been seen ...)

 

 

问题1: 这种“名词+分词结构”(也包括现在分词,书中也提到过,同样认为属于简化的关系从句),是按照语法书所说的,理解成简化的关系从句比较好,还是直接理解成非谓语动词作名词的后置定语比较好,因为虽然这本语法书是这样说,但没有看到其它地方如此来解释过。

 

【答】——分词短语后置作定语,这是英语最常见的一种定语修饰现象。就像形容词(短语)、介词短语、不定式等作定语一样。这些结构一般都可以扩展为一个关系分句。用关系分句去描述一个名词或代词,要比其他形式的定语显得细腻和具体,起码可以体现出时态和语态,让读者更加明确一些语言特征。

但是,用关系分句去描写一个名词,句子会显得啰嗦,是一种累赘。为什么不用最少的语言符号去表达同样的内容呢?其实,转换为关系分句,是语言教育者常用的一种手段,其目的是为了说明这个成分是作定语的,而且还增加了一些其他的目的,比如让学习者知道它的时态或语态等一些语法知识,一旦是限定谓语,就必然有时和体,主动与被动。但这不是语言的本来面貌,语言原本是什么就是什么。所以人们一般不会说:

A boy who is clever can solve the problem. 而应说:A clever boy  can solve the problem.

至此,我的观点已经很清楚:不要理解成简化的关系从句,而是非谓语动词作名词的后置定语。原本是什么就是什么!

 

问题2:  第一个例句the objects that were recovered还原成了一般过去被动结构,第二个例句wolves that have been seen 则还原成了现在完成被动结构,感觉这两个例句的结构和时态都比较相似,为什么作者要做此区别,一个一般时,一个完成时。

【答】——这样做是体现主从句时态的一致或呼应。

1. 一般过去时(从句)+ 一般过去时(主句):两个动作发生在过去时间的范畴内。

2. 现在完成时(从句)+ 一般现在时(主句):两个动作发生在现在时间的范畴内。

 

问题3:这种“主语(非先行词it+be助动词+过去分词(非adj+不定式/that从句/介词短语/形容词/副词/名词成分”的结构,是否也能认为它们和主系表结构一样,把后面的这些成分,都看作是像表语的补语那样的成分,尤其是在过去分词,不属于普遍被认为已经形容词化的情况下,虽然毫不影响理解这种结构,但一直不知该怎么称呼这些成分。

 

网友给出的以下句子都是被动语态结构。肯定不能像主系表结构一样,把后面的这些成分,都看作是表语补语那样的成分。由于是被动结构,还应结合主动结构去全面考虑括号内这些成分的作用。

分析如下(看括号):

1. Fibre is found in cereal foods, beans, fruit and vegetables. (介词短语作地点状语)

2. She was found guilty of manslaughter and put on probation for two years. 先转换为主动语态:Police found her guilty of manslaughter and put her on probation for two years.  句中,her 为宾语,guilty of manslaughter 是形容词短语作宾补,被动语态时作主补。on probation for two years 是介词短语作宾补,被动语态时作主补。)

3. They were told at first that they should simply expel the refugees. (that从句在主动语态下,是直接宾语。在被动语态下,可称为直接主语。)

4. The interior walls were painted green.(形容词green的作用,在主动语态下作宾补,在被动语态下作主补)

5. I would like to know why we pensioners are being so badly treated. (副词so badly,作方式状语,修饰谓语动词treated

6. Many aspiring young artists are advised to learn by copying the masters. (动词不定式to learn by copying the masters,在主动语态下作宾补,在被动语态下作主补)

 

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  • walktorome 提出于 2020-11-24 23:45