问题引入:
目前中学的语法资料对于lies to/in/on the east of涉及的介词用法常常有这样的说法:
(1)to表示在外部不接壤,in表示在内部,on表示在外部接壤。
更严谨的一些资料一般会这么叙述:
(2a) A is in the east of B是指A位于B的领地范围之内,即A位于B的东部地区,而A is to the east of B则是指A在B以东,即A不在B的领地范围之内,当A位于B之东,并且相接壤的,则可以说A is on the east of B,当然也可以说A is to the east of B。(超振才《英语常见问题解答大词典》east词条)
(2b) "in the east of" 是"在...的东部","to the east of"是"在...东方",就是"比...东". "on the east of"跟to the east of"相同,但有"贴近"的含意。
【注】因为be和lie接这些介词构成上述用法的时候并无很重要的区别,这里我们不做严格区分。
问题探讨:
上面说法存疑的地方用红色和蓝色做了标记,下面是几个用于反驳的例句:
蓝色:
[1] Canada lies on[to] the north of the United States. (A Grammar of English Words, Palmer)
显然加拿大和美国是接壤的,这里也用的是lies to the north of
[2] Wales lies to the west of England.
这是高中英语教材上的例子,这里威尔士和英格兰显然是接壤的,也用的是lies to the west of
红色:
[3] England lies on the west of Europe.(《英语句型分类》,商务印书馆,p300)
显然英格兰在欧洲的范围内,这里也用的是lies on the west of。实际上,作者在这里还特别强调"因为英格兰也属于欧洲内部,所以本句也可用in the west”。
除此之外,我们还将下面这个问题发到WordReference Forum去询问了母语者的意见:
Wales lies __ the west of England.
A. on
B. to
得到的回复如下:
1. lingobingo, 英国伦敦
You can’t use on in that sentence.
Wales lies to the west of England.√
Wales is situated [to the] west of England. √
England has Wales to its west and Scotland to its north.
=England has Wales west of it and Scotland north of it.
2.entangledbank, 英国伦敦
Wales and Ireland are both to the west of England: 'to' doesn't say whether they touch. Only Wales is on the west of it, but we'd actually say it's on its western border, or side, or something like that.
3. kentix, 美国
We wouldn't say it(指上面的A选项) because it has no clear meaning.
A lies on the southern border of B
They are separate and the north side of A touches the south side of B.
A is located on the south side of B
A is part of B and is in its southern portion.
This would be used with a city. The restaurant is on the south side of the city.
大概的结果就是:这些母语者只认可"Wales lies to the west of England."而不认可"Wales lies on the west of England.",其中entangledbank认为这是一种语言习惯的问题,而kentix认为用on会引起很大的歧义(可以是内部也可以是外部),一般不会在这里用on。在我们得到的一些回答中,还有两个欧洲的朋友(一个是德英双语人士,另一个来自意大利)认为lies on the east of这类的用法只能表示在内部(例如他们认为[1]里面用on也是不可接受的,只能用to)。
我们后来在Ngram Viewer上对lies to the south of,lies in the east of和lies on the south of(类似地还做了east的检索)做了频度分析,发现后两者的频度明显会低于第一个(频度比大概为200:10:3)。
问题总结:
从上面的一些讨论明显地可以看到,“to表示在外部不接壤”这个说法是明显不符合[1][2]这两个比较权威的例句的,也不符合母语者的看法(如entangledbank提到的'to' doesn't say whether they touch.),而"on表示在外部接壤"也存在很大的争议。国内很多严谨的语法书对于蓝色这部分的说法基本上比较契合实际情况,但对于红色这部分的问题却谈得十分模糊,我想这里有必要向各位老师请教一番。
具体的问题是这样的:
lies to the east of是否可以表示在外部但接壤?
lies on the east of是否可以表示在内部而且靠近边界?这个用法是否自然?
1 Canada lies to the north of the United States. (A Grammar of English Words, Palmer)
Spain covers most of the peninsula, apart from a small area occupied by the country of Portugal to the west. (to the west= which is/lies to the west of it ) (葡萄牙与西班牙西侧接壤)
这二个句子足以说明to the west/east/north/south可以表示在外部接壤。
2 诚如WR老外所言,on the west/east/north/south of 很少使用,通常在方向后加coast,side, bank, border之类的名词。例如:
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. 在内部,靠近海岸线
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