章振邦新编高级英语语法561页:
This done, he walked off without another word.
The job finished, we went home straight away.
The discussion completed, the Chairman adjourned the meeting for half an hour.
All things considered, we have much to learn and unlearn.
说这里的-ed分词也可以视为前面省略了being或having been,例如:
My work done=My work being done, I went to bed.
The purse not yet found=The purse not having been found, we went to the police.
又说,上述属于“独立结构”,有时“独立结构”可改用“with结构”来表示,例如:
The job finished, we went home straight away.
= With the job finished, we went home straight away.
请教老师2个问题:
1)“说这里的-ed分词也可以视为前面省略了being或having been” - 这句话如何正确理解? 以后遇到这种情况,是否也可以加上being或having been而意义不变呢?
2)“独立结构”和“with结构”一样吗? 它们究竟有哪些本质区别?
问题一、
“名词/代词+being/having been +过去分词”构成的独立主格结构表示“一般被动”或“完成被动”,但有时无需刻意说明“动作的先后”,根据具体的语境便可作出判断,所以being/having been常被省略,直接用也表被动的“名词/代词+过去分词”结构。下列每组三个状语意义相同,但最后一个最简练。
When the job was finished
→ The job being finished
→ The job finished
After the dog had been found
→ The dog having been found
→ The dog found
▲ 独立主格结构中的being在下列三种情况下不能省略。
1. 在“There being + 名词”的结构中。例如:
There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走路回家。
2. 在“人称代词 + being + 表语”的结构中。例如:
It being windy and rainy, I had to drive my son to school. 由于刮风下雨,我只好开车送儿子上学。
3. being为进行时的被动语态的助动词。例如:
His house being repired, he stayed with his parents. 他的房子正在修缮,所以他和父母住在一起。
问题二、
有人将“with+宾语+补语”当作独立主格结构,这是不对的。“with+名词/代词(宾格)+补语”是介词with的复合结构,严格地讲,就是介词短语,而独立主格结构是“名词/代词(主格)+补语”。它们都可以在句中作状语,表时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。不过,介词with的复合结构还可以作定语,而独立主格结构不能;独立主格结构作状语可以表示补充性说明,而with的复合结构很少这样用。例如:
The little boy with nothing on rushed out of the house. 那个一丝不挂的小男孩跑出了屋子。(作定语,修饰boy)
All the stones are very heavy, one of them weighing over 3 tons. 所有的石头都很重,其中有一块重达三吨多。(作状语,补充说明)
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