He lived in poverty most of his life. 

most 是代词，most of + 时间，作状语表示持续时间。英语中作状语的时间段，之前常省略介词 for。例如：(for) most of the day，most of the year, most of his life。wair (for) three hours。

She lived and died a single woman. 

a single woman 理解为“方式或伴随状语”均可。

Her words have lived with me all my life.

字面：她的话语跟我生活在一起。

引申：她的话语伴随着我一生。

继续引申：她的话语我终生不忘。