本句,university 指 “大学教育”,等于说 university education。这里,“大学” 不表示 “场所”,而是抽象意义,所以不加冠词。归根到底,go to university 等不用冠词:凸显 “社会功能或用途属性”。
我从一个句子说起:
I'll never lose heart even if I should fail ten times.
即使失败10次,我也不灰心。
《汉英大词典》
这个词组为何不说 lose a heart, lose the heart, 或者 lose his heart 呢?
heart本来是可数名词,意为“心;心脏”:Your heart is the organ in your chest that pumps the blood around your body. 在lose heart中,为何不加任何冠词或者物主代词呢?原来,这就是可数名词heart的抽象用法。下面,请仔细体味它的几个抽象用法。
If you lose heart, you become sad and depressed and are no longer interested in something. (lose heart:失去信心;灰心,泄气)
If you take heart from something, you are encouraged and made to feel optimistic by it. (take heart from:从…得到鼓舞;因…振作精神)
If something gives you heart, it makes you feel more confident or happy about something. (give sb. heart:鼓励某人;让某人振作起来)
If you know something such as a poem by heart, you have learned it so well that you can remember it without having to read it.(by heart:借助记忆;靠记忆)
通过以上对 heart 的诠释,我们发现,在这些短语中 heart 一词已经完全失去了它原有的本义,而被赋予了比喻和抽象的意义:信心;记忆。又如:
Although he failed in this entrance examination, he didn’t lose heart. 这次入学考试他虽名落孙山,但他并不气馁。
假如 heart 之前使用了冠词或者物主代词,那么就是它的具体意义,这时句子还能讲得通吗?
此外,我们还见过 lose face 这个词组。同理,这里的 face 也不是指具体的“脸”,而是比喻抽象的“面子,尊严”。例如:
If Tom doesn’t keep his promise, he’ll lose face. 如果汤姆不信守诺言,他就会丢面子。
His careless work made him lose face with his teacher. 他工作疏忽使他在老师面前丢脸。
我们经常还碰到go to school / go to the school, in church / in the church, sit at table / sit at the table, in office / in the office等诸如此类的词组(或句子),当然大家都知道它们的区别。语法书在讲冠词的时候,也都举一些类似的例子以示区别。但往往只说现象,不说理由(或只说是习惯用法)。
大家知道,可数名词在单数情况下,使用时前面应加冠词,若无冠词,则加其他限定词如 my, his, Tom's 等,但在实际语言中,确实存在着许多可数名词用作抽象意义的现象。如:
He goes to school every day except Sunday. 除了星期天他每天都去上学。
He sometimes goes to the school to attend a teacher-parent meeting. 他有时候去学校参加家长会。
同样是school,为什么前者不加冠词?为什么后者加了冠词?通过分析可知,不加冠词时强调了它的“社会功能”(是接受教育的地方),是抽象概念;加了冠词表示“具体的场所”,是具体概念。又如:
She went to church last Sunday. 她上周日都去做礼拜了。
She went to the church for a visit yesterday. 她昨天去参观了那所教堂。
The man stayed in prison for almost ten years. 那人蹲了接近10年监狱。
The man stayed in the prison for a night. 那人在监狱里过了一夜。
He went to bed very late last night. 他昨晚睡觉很晚。
He went to the bed to fetch his clothes. 他走向床边取衣服。
The whole family are sitting at table. 全家人正在吃饭。
The whole family sat at the table, chatting. 全家人坐在桌边聊天呢。
Mr. Brown is now out of office due to his old age. 因年龄原因,布朗先生现不在职了。(退休了)
Mr. Brown walked out of the office to get some hot water. 布朗先生走出办公室去取些热水。
又如:
in office 在职 in the office 在办公室里
in class 在上课 in the class 在班级里
in store 在储备中,快要发生 in the store 在仓库里
live on farm 靠农业为生 live on the farm 居住在农场
leave school 毕业,辍学 leave the school 离校
还有,He was ill and had to lie in bed. 此句lie in bed 不加冠词,意为“卧床不起”,也是强调了bed 的用途属性,是抽象概念,不是指具体的某张床。如果指具体的某张床,则说:The man was lying on the bed for a rest.
交通工具也属这种用法,不加冠词表示“交通方式”,强调了交通工具的“用途属性”,例如:He came by bus. 他乘坐公交车来这儿。加了冠词表示具体的“车辆”,例如:
He was standing by the bus.
此外,常见的表达还有 by bike, by car, by bus, by train, by ship, by plane, by boat 等,都不加冠词。
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你可以找本语法书,看看冠词的部分
一般都会有列举 零冠词 + 可数名词的 的条目
就你这里的university而言,可以说,通常像school, college, class, prison等之类,当它们表示“机构”含义时,可用零冠词表示泛指或抽象意义.
College provides opportunities for students to learn and meet new people.
Jack eventually graduated from school, got married, and got his first real job.
然后与题相关的概念有,
一个名词词组,在整体要加冠词的情况下,它的附属名词不一定要加, 如
the function of school
the type of school
在这2种情况下,属于惯用,这与school是不是可数没有关系。