回答这个问题之前,先搞清楚这几个术语:
1. 虚指 it
2. 形式主语/宾语it
3. 人称代词 it
It is the first time that 从句
(it 指代“次数”,有人说虚指,有人说代词。that从句 是 the first time 的定语从句)
It is high time 从句
(it 指代“时间”,有人说虚指,有人说代词。that从句 是 high time 的定语从句)
It takes sb some time to do sth
(it 是形式主语,是不定式的替代词,不定式是真正主语,外置。)
It is no wonder that 从句
(it 是形式主语,是that 从句 的替代词,that 从句是真正主语,外置。)
It is like sb to do sth
(it 是人称代词,指代已知的某件事情。like sb to do sth 作 is 的表语。意思是:那(不)像某人做的事儿)
It is up to sb to do sth
(it 是形式主语,是不定式的替代词,不定式是真正主语,外置。)
我认为,真正的“虚指”it,是既无名、又无实的 it。例如:
make it; catch it
It seems/appears that Frank lost his temper.
It says in the newspaper that the concert was cancelled.
虚指 it 的语法作用在于,它弥补了句子成分的空缺而让句子完整。
在能够辨认出 it 指代“时间、日期、天气、距离、次数、环境、情况” 的时候,宜看作人称代词。这样,有利于英语学习,你可以根据 it 的指代,去理解和翻译句子。例如:
—What time is it now?现在几点了?
—It's ten o'clock sharp.十点整。
—What day is it today?今天星期几?—It's Wednesday.今天星期三。
It's raining hard outside.外面雨下得正大。
In winter it is getting dark early.冬天天黑得早。
It's very quiet in the reading-room.阅览室里非常安静。
—How far is it to New York?去纽约有多远?