老师:
The young man, tired of working for others, is determined to start his own firm.
这 tired of working for others,是不是可以说是主补,同位语,分词短语作独立主格原因状语的,都行?
The young man, tired of working for others, is determined to start his own firm.
这个句子,tired of working for others 是形容词短语。它的语法作用,可以有两种分析:
1. 作 the young man 的非限制性定语,相当于一个非限制性定语从句:
The young man, who was tired of working for others, is determined to start his own firm.
2. 作原因状语。“因厌倦了为别人打工,所以...”。可以提前至句首:
Tired of working for others, the young man is determined to start his own firm.
无论哪种分析,这个形容词短语都表示原因。之前我已经说过:主补补语的说法已经过时。同位语更不成立,因为名词 man 跟 形容词 tired 无法对等。
关于定语(从句)可以表达状语从句的意思。网友可继续参考:
定语从句表达状语从句的意义
有网友问,下面的句子来自浙江大学外语教研室编写的《实用科技英语语法》:
A light beam that consists of light of all wave lengths gives a continuous spectrum. 光束如果包含了各种波长的光就会呈现出连续光谱。
我不太明白,译文中的“如果”是怎么来的?原文中并无 if 之类的词,请专家指教,谢谢!
这是一个非常有趣的问题。定语从句的翻译要灵活,不能一字对应一字地翻译。我们要发现从句和主句之间的各种关系,并充分考虑汉语的表达习惯,做到使译文通顺流畅。尽管句中没有 if,但我们翻译成中文时,考虑到定语从句表达了条件句的意义,所以,按照条件状语从句翻译。又如:
How can anyone hope to be a qualified teacher, who doesn't know what the students are thinking and demanding? 一个人如果不知道他的学生在想什么,需要什么,怎么能指望自己成为一个合格的教师呢?
针对你的这个问题,我从拙作《英语中的矛盾现象》(中国国际广播出版社,1992年版,本人编著)摘录部分例句,请参考。
英语中,有些从句在形式上是定语从句,因为句子有先行词和关系词。但是,在意义上并非作定语,而是作状语。或者说,这些定语从句已经超越了定语的意义范畴,而进入了状语的意域。从意义上看,它不是作某个先行词的定语,而是修饰主句的谓语动词或者整个主句的内容了。所以,为了理解方便,我们称之为“定语从句的形式,状语从句的意义”。
1. 定语从句的形式,条件状语从句的意义
The same thing, which happened twenty years ago, would lead to disaster. (=The same thing would lead to disaster if it happened twenty years ago.) 同样一件事情,如果发生在20年前,将会导致灾难。
2. 定语从句的形式,原因状语从句的意义
He is a kind man, who is always ready to help others. (=He is a kind man because he is always ready to help others.) 他是一个好人,因为他总是乐于助人。
3. 定语从句的形式,让步状语从句的意义
Smith insisted on building another house which he had no use for. (=Smith insisted on building another house though he had no use for it.) 史密斯坚持再盖一幢房子,尽管他无此需要。
4. 定语从句的形式,目的状语从句的意义
He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter. (=He wishes to write an article so that it will attract public attention to the matter.) 他想写篇文章,以便引起公众对此事的关注。
5. 定语从句的形式,结果状语从句的意义
My car broke down halfway, which caused me to come late. (=My car broke down halfway so that it caused me to come late.) 我的车在半路上出了故障,结果使我来晚了。
6. 定语从句的形式,时间状语从句的意义
I saw Mr. Wang who was wandering on the street. (=I saw Mr. Wang when he was wandering on the street.) 王先生在街上散步的时候,我见到了他。
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