这属于状语从句的省略。
状语从句的省略:在表示时间、地点、条件、让步、方式等的状语从句中,如果谓语包含动词be,主语又和主句的主语相同(或者从句的主语是it ),则从句中的主语与动词be可同时省略。如:
If heated, molecules move more rapidly. (if 后省去they are)
如果(分子被)加热,分子会运动得更快
另例:
He worked extremely hard though still poor in health. (though 后省去了he was)
Once heated 是什么句式?
人教版新课标英语课本有这样一句话:Once heated, the amber can be made into any shape. “一旦加热,琥珀可以制成任何形状。” Once heated 是一个什么句式?
Once heated原本是一个省略了某种成分的从句,补充完整后应该是Once it is heated。再如:When heated, water will become vapor. 加热时,水会变成水蒸汽。
英语语法规定,在某些状语从句中,当其主语跟主句的主语一致,而且含有be动词时,可以把主语(一般是代词充当)以及be动词一起省略。旨在使句子更加简洁和生动。
这个规则必须满足3个条件:(1)限于某些状语从句(2)主、从句的主语必须一致(3)有be动词,这个be动词可以是系动词,可以是进行时态的be,也可以是被动语态的be。例如:
Mary often helped her classmates when (she was) free. (was是系动词)
While (you were) walking the dog, you were careless. (were是进行时的助动词)
John won't come to your party unless (he is) invited. (is是被动语态的助动词)
现在,我把各种状语从句的省略情况,尽可能全面系统地做一总结。
1. 时间状语从句中,省略“主语 + be”:
When (she was) very young,she began to learn to play the violin. 她很小的时候,就开始学习拉小提琴。
Tom likes to listen to music while (he is) reading. 汤姆喜欢读书时听音乐。
2. 条件状语从句中,省略“主语 + be”:
If (he is) given more time, he will do the work better. 如果给更多的时间,他会做得更好。
Unless (you are) here, you can't find this kind of plants. 除非在这里,其他地方你找不到这种植物。
此外,常见的条件从句省略形式:if necessary, if possible, if true, if so, if not, if anyone等。例如:
If (it is) possible, I'll come to help. 如果可能的话,我会来帮忙的。
If (it is) true, this will cause us a lot of trouble. 如果是真的,这会给我们带来很多麻烦。
There are few people nowadays, if (there are) any, who remember him. 现在能记得他的人即使有也很少了。
3. 让步状语从句中,省略“主语 + be”:
Though (he is) a young man, he has made several inventions. 虽然还是个年轻人,他已经有好几项发明了。
He is a good man,though sometimes (he is) rather dull. 他是个好人,尽管有时相当无聊。
Even if (I am) invited to,I won't go to such a bad lecture. 即使邀请我去,我也不参加如此糟糕的讲座。
4. 方式状语从句中,省略“主语 + be”:
She talked to the stranger as if (she were) absent-minded. 她和陌生人谈话时似乎心不在焉。
He opened the drawer,as if (he was) in search of something important. 他打开抽屉仿佛要找什么重要的东西。
She stood at the gate as if (she was) waiting for someone. 她站在门口好像在等人。
The teacher shouted at the boy as if (he was) angry. 老师朝孩子大喊大叫好似很生气。
5. 比较状语从句省略相关成分:
由than或as引导的比较状语从句,在意义明确的情况下,可以省略than或as后面的相应部分,这一点与上述情况不同。
I know you better than (I know) him. 我对你比对他了解得更清楚。
I know you better than he (knows you). 我比他更了解你。
She can dance ballet just as wonderfully as you (dance). 她芭蕾舞跳得和你一样好。
She has finished the work earlier than (it has been) expected. 她这项工作比预料的提前完成。
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这是状语从句省略的现象。
在状语从句中,为了使语言更加的简洁、生动,经常运用省略形式。状语从句省略原则主要是:
从句的主语和主语的主语一致或者从句主语为it,且从句的谓语部分有be动词,就可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分省略或者全部省略。
例如:
He will come, if (he is) asked.
When (she was)very young, she began to learn to play the piano.
Even if (I am) invited to, I won't go to such a bad lecture.
Once(you are) inside, begin to work.
题主的句子也是省略了主语和谓语的一部分:
If (thery are)heated, molecules move more rapidly.
如果被加热,分子的移动会更加的迅速。
if, when, while, once 和 until 后面的从句可以用过去分词(主要用于正式文体中)。
If asked to look after luggage for someone else, inform police at once. 如果有人叫你替他照管行李,你要马上报警。
When opened, consume within three days.开启后请在三日内食用完。
Once deprived of oxygen, the brain dies.一旦缺氧,脑就会死亡。
Leave in oven until cooked to a light brown colour. 放在烤箱里烤成焦黄色为止。
(摘自《牛津英语用法指南》第四版 115.6)