比如,I'm sorry to hear that.和I'm sorry to have heard that. 这两个句子在表达含义上有什么区别?都是不定式作原因状语,都表示动作先于谓语动词发生。那这里to hear和to have heard的区别是什么?
又比如从其他网友提问中看到的句子,也是不定式作原因状语
1. She must be a very good manager to feed her children so well with so little money.
2. He must be out of his mind to say something like that.
如果改成不定式完成式是否正确?如果正确,含义上的区别在哪里?
1. She must be a very good manager to have fed her children so well with so little money.
2. He must be out of his mind to have said something like that.
以上问题希望老师能帮忙解答,万分感谢。
1. I'm sorry to hear that. (原因)
2. I'm sorry to have heard that. (原因)
3. You will be sorry to hear that. (条件)(外加作比较)
一、“情绪” 变化类形容词,如 happy, glad, pleased, delighted, excited, sad, sorry, upset, angry, frightened 等,不定式一般表示“原因”,也可以表示“条件”,需要根据句子时态,以及不定式的一般体、完成体判断。例如:
1. He is happy to hear the good news. (原因)
2. He is happy to have heard the good news. (原因)
3. He will be happy to hear the good news. (条件)
【重要提示】
▲ 完成体一般都是表原因。在日常交际和会话中,为了简练不用完成体,就可以表示“原因”。例如:你告诉了我一件好消息,然后我说:I am glad to hear that. 没必要再用have heard,双方都知道“听在先”。
▲ 假如没有这个语境,而是在描述一个人取得了进步之后感到自豪。这时,不定式最好用完成体:He is proud to have made progress.
如果说:He is proud to make progress. 则存在歧义,不定式也可能表示条件。
▲ 像一般过去时的句子,“情绪变化”都已经发生,所以,使用不定式的一般体,就可以表“原因”。
He was frightened to see the tiger coming over. 因看见老虎过来,他感到害怕。
We were sad to learn of his death. 由于听到他逝世的消息,我们很悲伤。
His father was angry to know that he had failed the exam. 他父亲因获悉他考试不及格而很生气
▲ 关于这句:You will be sorry to hear that.
由于句子是将来时态,sorry 这个情绪是将来发生,所以,to hear that 也是将来发生,看作条件是因为to hear that 不一定必须发生,只是一种真实的假设。所以,应这样理解和翻译:
“如果你听到那个消息,你会难过的。”
1. She must be a very good manager to feed her children so well with so little money.
2. He must be out of his mind to say something like that.
3. She must be a very good manager to have fed her children so well with so little money.
4. He must be out of his mind to have said something like that.
二、像网友这些句子含有 must,它既可以表示义务“必须”,又可以表示“推测”,所以,必须结合结合语境判断不定式的作用。
不定式可以表示“四大状语”:原因、条件、目的、结果。
这4个句子都正确。我的判断如下:
She must be a very good manager to feed her children so well with so little money. (原因状语)
她一定是个很好的当家人,因为能用这么少的钱养活她的孩子。
She must be a very good manager to have fed her children so well with so little money. (原因状语)
她一定是个很好的当家人,因为能用这么少的钱养活她的孩子。
He must be out of his mind to say something like that. (原因或结果状语)
他一定是疯了,结果才说出那样的话。
He must be out of his mind to have said something like that. (原因状语)
他一定是疯了,因为说出了那样的话。
▲ 有时候,同一个句子可以表达不同的意思。这时,必须结合语境去判断。例如下面这句话,同一个不定式而且都是一般体,就可以表达三层意思,具有3种作用:目的状语、条件状语、原因状语。
You must be very strong to lift this heavy box.
=You must be very strong in order to lift this heavy box.(目的)
你必须非常强壮才能提起这个重箱子。
=You must be very strong if you can lift this heavy box.(条件)
如果你能举起这个重箱子,你一定很强壮。
=You must be very strong because you are able to lift this heavy box.(原因)
你一定很强壮,因为你能举起这个重箱子。
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