having done 我记得只能作状语,不能作主语吧!请老师讲解一下,如果需要用到一个表示过去完成的动作做主语时应该用什么形式?having been done 与过去分词 done 作定语或状语时有何区别?谢谢老师们一直以来的帮助和指导!
问题一:having done 我记得只能作状语,不能作主语吧!请老师讲解一下,如果需要用到一个表示过去完成的动作做主语时应该用什么形式?
答:having done 既可用作状语,也可用主语的。只不过按传统语法:having done 用作状语时,叫现在分词的完成式;用作主语时,叫动名词的完成式。下面一句就是用的 having done 作主语(出自《柯林斯高级英语词典》):
Having professionally made curtains can be costly, so why not make your own? 既然找专门人员做窗帘非常贵,为什么不自己做呢?
问题二:having been done 与过去分词 done 作定语或状语时有何区别?
答:首先要说明的是,done 可以用作定语,但 having been done 一般不用作定语(因为按传统语法,现在分词的完成式通常不用作定语)。至于用作状语,having been done 与 done 既有相同之处也有不同之处:相同之处是它们都可表示被动,也都可可以表示完成,所以有时两者可互换。如:
Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe.
=Having been weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe.
这桥屡受暴风雨的摧残,已经不安全了。
但是,有时过去分词所表的时间与谓语动词所表的时间相同,此时则不能用其时间先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。如:
Covered with confusion, I left the room. 我很窘地离开了房间。
Convinced that they were going to poison him, he refused to eat anything. 他相信他们要毒死他,所以他拒绝进食。
另外,有时单独使用过去分词可能会有歧义,但用现在分词的完成被动式,则不会有歧义。如:
Asked to stay, I couldn’t very well leave. 我被邀请留下,遂不便离开。
这一句中的过去分词asked可能意味着having been asked,也可能意味着 when (或since) I was asked;但如用现在分词完成被动式having been asked, 就不会有歧义。