The Sicilian port city of Catania, dominated by Mount Etna, Europe’s biggest active volcano, is being transformed into a Mediterranean Silicon Valley. And the 'Etna Valley’, as it is already being called, is rapidly changing the old stereotype image of the island at the tip of Italy.

‘Catania has become the most competitive place in Europe for high-tech investments,’ argues Pasquale Pistorio, the Sicilian chairman of ST Microelectronics. This France-Italian group has rapidly grown to become Europe's largest and the world's number six, after the likes of Intel, Toshiba and Motorola, under Mr Pistorio’s leadership.

A former Motorola senior executive, he invested in Catania because he felt from the start that the Sicilian city had all the ingredients to develop into a competitive high-tech centre. Like California’s Silicon Valley, the city had a good university working closely with a leading enterprise. In turn, this provided the basis for stimulating new entrepreneurial, research and academic activities.

Although Italy’s deep south is not California, incentives provided by the European Union, the Italian government and local organizations, as well as Mr Pistorio’s personal commitment, helped Catania grow into a high-technology centre.

Mr Pistorio remembers when he first joined the company 20 years ago. The Catania plant was losing a lot of money. But the island also had a well-educated population and offered high-tech companies what Mr Pistorio calls ‘ample brain power resources’.

When there are few jobs, young people tend to study more. Thanks partly to its high unemployment rate, the island had a large supply of intellectual labour. And Mr Pistorio encouraged studying with ST Microelectronics working with Catania University, running advanced courses in its facilities and employing many of the graduates.

Thanks to the high rate of unemployment and government and EU incentives, Mr Pistorio quickly found that brain-power cost significantly less in Sicily than elsewhere in Europe. The results have exceeded all expectations.

【疑问】

（1）第一段的 transform 用被动，为什么 change 却用主动？transform 的意思不是 changed completely 吗？

（2）第二段的 for high-tech investments 的 for 是“因为”的意思吗？

（3）第四段的 provided 是被动还是过去式？by 是被动的标志还是“通过……（的方法）”吗？

（4）第六段 And Mr Pistorio encouraged studying with ST Microelectronics working with Catania Universit 中的两个 with 分别是什么意思？running advanced courses... 中 running 和 employing 的逻辑主语是什么？

谢谢各位！