One calorie, the kind we measure in food, also called a large calorie, is defined as the amount of energy it would take to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius.

问题一：蓝色部分什么成分？为什么用逗号把the kind和后面also called a large calorie分开？

问题二：红色部分在句中是什么成分？take to raise是什么意思？