过去分词或现在分词均可以作状语,但它必须依赖句子的主语,即句子的主语就是分词的逻辑主语,被动意义用过去分词;主动意义用现在分词。
1. 过去分词作状语。句子的主语是分词的逻辑宾语,即分词与主语是“被动关系”。如:
Scolded by the teacher, he felt depressed. 由于(他)受到老师的训斥,他的情绪十分低落。
= Because he was scolded by the teacher, hefelt depressed.
2. 现在分词作状语。句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语,即分词与主语是“主动关系”。如:
Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once. 一听到老师的声音,学生们立即停止讲话。
= When they heard their teacher's voice,the pupils stopped talking at once.
3. 独立主格结构作状语。如果分词不依赖句子的主语,有时根据语句的需要在分词前加一个逻辑主语而构成分词短语,这种分词短语就是“独立主格结构”。如:
His son bullied, Tom got annoyed. 由于儿子遭人欺负,汤姆很恼火。
= Because his son was bullied, Tom gotannoyed.
Weather permitting, we'll go outing tomorrow. 如果天气允许,我们明天去郊游。
= If weather permits, we'll go outingtomorrow.
4. 悬垂分词作状语。独立主格需自带主语,若省略其主语,则为独立主格的特殊情况,即为“悬垂分词”,建议初学者慎用。
Admired by everybody, dozens of letters reached the veteran soldier. 老战士收到了很多信,他被所有人赞扬。(“赞扬”的动作对象是老战士,而句子的主语却是 letters。)
Sitting under an apple tree one night, an idea came to Newton.有一天晚上坐在苹果树下,牛顿脑中闪过一道灵光。 (“坐”的动作由牛顿发出,而句子的主语却是 an idea。)
▲ 有些“悬垂分词”用来表示说话人的态度,看问题的角度,或对所叙述的情况进行解释,为句子的独立成分,其逻辑主语常无需与句子的主语一致,这也就变成了被人们广泛接受的“固定用法”。如:
Strictly speaking, nobody is allowed inhere. 严格地讲,谁也不允许在这儿。
Judging from his accent, he must be fromthe South. 从他的口音判断,他一定是南方人。
Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong withthe book. 总的来说,这本书没有问题。
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曾老师的解答已经很全面了,同时还延伸帮你分析了一些相关的问题。但鉴于本题带有一定的普遍性,下面对你的这道题再哆索几点:
______ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Giving B. Given C. Being given D. Had been given
▲此题答案选 B,它属于过去分词表示条件的用法,相当于一个条件状语从句:
Given time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
=If he is given time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
顺便说一句,这类句子有时还可能用虚拟语气。如:
Given the chance, I’d love to try again. 如果给我机会,我愿意再试试。
=If I were given the chance, I’d love to try again. 如果给我机会,我愿意再试试。
注意“悬垂分词”的使用是有限制的,通常只用于某些特殊的表达,如曾老师所举的句子就是很典型的例子。
▲你问“这类题中永远都不会出现现在分词和过去分词的被动式吗”——这里有一点需要说明:英语只有现在分词才有被动式,过去分词是没有被动式的。至于现在分词,它完全可以用被动式(如果语义需要的话)作状语的。如下面两句均摘自张道真的《英语语法大全》:
(Being) Defeated in every battle, the enemy will soon surrender. 要是敌人每场战斗都被打败,那他们就会投降。
If (being) caught (=If he was caught), the thief would be punished. (在过去分词前being常被省略) 小偷要是被抓住,就会受到惩罚。
▲ 从上面张道真的《英语语法大全》中的例句可以看出,你的考题并不严谨,因为此题除了B之外,C也是可能的,虽然张道真教授认为“在过去分词前being通常省略”,但也不是说一定要省略。请看看下面几道高考题,也属类似考点,但高考题命题者避开了 being given 这样的选项:
1. _______ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. (2000北京春季卷)
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
2. _______ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player. (2003北京春季卷)
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given
3. _______ blood if you can and many lives will be saved. (2001上海春季卷)
A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give
4. ________ the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow the international stars. (2009江西卷)
A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given
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