在表示汉语的“痛”这个层面,词典这样解释:
bitter 2. Causing a sharply unpleasant, painful, or stinging sensation; harsh: enveloped in bitter cold; a bitter wind.
指“刺痛”、比较直接,且对人的感官刺激方面有所侧重
painful
1. Full of or giving pain: a painful shoulder; painful walking.
2. a. Causing mental anguish or suffering: It was painful for him to admit he waswrong.
指让人“发痛”或“充满痛感”,自然是比较长期的(各种)痛,也用于精神方面的痛苦
--- 这些都是从上面释义上读出来的东西。