对章振邦老师讲解的主动句和被动句的疑问 （贰）
两种被动句型： People believe he is ill.
➡It is believed that he is ill.(句型I)
➡He is believed to be ill.（句型II）
我的疑问一：如果谓语动词为其他时态而不是一般现在时态,而是其他时态，会有被动句型II吗？此时句型II和句型I能转换吗？比如：
People believed he had been ill.
➡It was believed that he had been ill.
➡He was belived to have been ill.
我的疑问二：章振邦老师说：
（a）当that-分句谓语动词为表示将来时间的will-结构或现在进行体时，型II的不定式结构一律转换进行体形式。
但若当that-分句谓语动词为expect，句型II的不定式结构通常用一般形式，不用进行体形式。
（b）当that-分句谓语动词为表示现在时间的一般现在时时，句型II的不定式结构用一般形式。
（c）当that-分句谓语动词为表示过去时间的一般过去时或现在完成进行体，句型II的不定式结构均转换为完成体形式。
（d）当that-分句谓语动词为过去进行体，那么句型II的不定式结构便用完成进行体形式即to have been doing。
1、章振邦老师这么说的依据是什么？我不喜欢死记硬背，我想知道里面的原因。
2、当that-分句谓语动词为被动态无论什么时态，是否句型II的不定式的被动态一律都可以to be + -ed或to have been+ -ed?
最佳答案 2019-06-11 23:06
你的问题涉及含有that宾语从句的句子改为被动句的问题。
主句的谓语动词有一部分（例如say, think, believe, know, report等）可以有二种被动句。仅以say为例：
People/They say that Tom is a student.
1) It is said that Tom is a student.
2)Tom is said to be a student.
第一种被动句表明，含有that宾语从句的主从复合句，当主句改为被动结构时，不能用that从句直接作宾语，而必须采用外置主语结构，用it作形式主语。该为被动句后，that从句的时态形式完全不变。
第二种被动句在语法上称为提升主语结构（raised subject）。在语法上，Tom是is said的主语，但在语义上，is said的主语并不是Tom，而是 Tom is a student这个事实，即that分句表示的内容。将that分句的主语提升到高一级的结构中作主语，这种结构就称为提升主语结构。原分句的谓语则改为不定式结构，作主句的主语补足语。
网友的疑问其实都是针对提升主语结构的，也就是作主语补足语的不定式应该用什么形式。首先应该明确几个基本问题。
1）that从句谓语表示的是事件、习惯还是状态？
2）that从句谓语表示的事件、习惯或状态与主句谓语时间是什么关系，同时还是在其之前？（这种结构通常that从句不是将来/过去将来时态）。
3）在提升主语结构中作主语补足语的不定式，不定式一般体to do形式表示主句谓语时间存在着的状态或习惯；to have done表示先于主句谓语时间的事件、习惯或状态；to be doing表示与主句谓语同时的事件。to have been doing表示持续到主句谓语时间的事件。通常不用to do表示后于主语谓语时间的事件（需要表示这种事件时，则不用提升主语结构，而用外置主语结构）。
以下通过具体例句说明：
It is said that Tom is a student.
Tom is said to be a student. 从句谓语is表示状态，和主句谓语is said为同一时间。所以被不定式用一般体表示状态。
It is said that Tom was a student.
Tom is said to have been a student. 从句谓语表示状态，此状态是主句谓语时间之前的状态，在is said的时候该状态已不复反正，故不定式用完成体。
It is said that Tom sold/has sold his house.
Tom is said to have sold his house. 从句谓语表示事件，无论用一般过去时还是现在完成时都是主句谓语is said之前的。所以不定式要用完成体。
It is said that Tom is writing a new book.
Tom is said to be writing a new book. 从句谓语表示事件，该事件与主句谓语is said同时且未结束，故不定式要用进行体。
It is said that Tom has lived here for 10 years.
Tom is said to have lived here for 10 years. 从句谓语表示状态截止主句谓语时间持续了多久，属于过去持续到现在的状态，故不定式用完成体。
It is said that Tom has been writing a new book for 2 years.
Tom is said to have been writing a new book for 2 years. 从句谓语表示持续到主句谓语时间的事件，故不定式要用完成进行体。
It is said that Tom goes to work by bus every day.
Tom is said to go to work by bus every day. 从句谓语表示主句谓语时间存在着的长期习惯，故不定式用一般体。
It is said that Tom is coming next week.
Tom is said to be coming next week. 从句谓语表示主句谓语时间的一个计划中的事件（进行体+时间状语表示将来），故不定式也用进行体+时间状语表示计划中的将来事件。
It is said that Tom will buy a new house.
从句谓语中的will表示预测或意愿的情态意义，这种从句不能改为提升主语结构，应保持外置主语从句结构，从而表示出情态动词的情态含义。
？Tom is said to buy a new house. 这个句子是欠妥当的，应该避免。
以上例子中，主句谓语都是现在时间。其实主句为过去时间，不定式的形式还是参照主句谓语时间，通过逻辑确定从句谓语时间和主句谓语时间的相对关系，由此来决定不定式的形式。例如：（其实我是将上面复制、粘贴，只做了很少改动）
It was said that Tom was a student.
Tom was said to be a student. 从句谓语was表示状态，和主句谓语was said为同一时间。所以被不定式用一般体表示状态。
It was said that Tom had been a student.
Tom was said to have been a student. 从句谓语表示状态，此状态是主句谓语时间之前的状态，在was said的时候该状态已不复反正，故不定式用完成体。
It was said that Tom had sold his house.
Tom was said to have sold his house. 从句谓语表示事件，该事件是主句谓语was said之前的。所以不定式要用完成体。
It was said that Tom was writing a new book.
Tom was said to be writing a new book. 从句谓语表示事件，该事件与主句谓语was said同时且未结束，故不定式要用进行体。
It was said that Tom had lived here for 10 years.
Tom was said to have lived here for 10 years. 从句谓语表示状态截止主句谓语时间持续了多久，属于过去的过去持续到过去的状态，故不定式用完成体。
It was said that Tom had been writing a new book for 2 years.
Tom was said to have been writing a new book for 2 years. 从句谓语表示持续到主句谓语时间的事件，故不定式要用完成进行体。
It was said that Tom went to work by bus every day.
Tom was said to go to work by bus every day. 从句谓语表示主句谓语时间存在着的长期习惯，故不定式用一般体。
It was said that Tom was coming the next week.
Tom was said to be coming the next week. 从句谓语表示主句谓语时间的一个计划中的事件（进行体+时间状语表示将来），故不定式也用进行体+时间状语表示计划中的将来事件。
It was said that Tom would buy a new house.
从句谓语中的would表示预测或意愿的情态意义，这种从句不能改为提升主语结构，应保持外置主语从句结构，从而表示出情态动词的情态含义。
？Tom was said to buy a new house. 这个句子是欠妥当的，应该避免。
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其它 1 个回答
你的疑问一
。。。比如：
People believed he had been ill.
➡It was believed that he had been ill.
➡He was believed to have been ill.
答：这两句是等价的，对的
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### 这种句式变化，
我觉得切入点应该是搞清楚下面几个“片段”的含义：
1， that he did sth
这个可能是一次性动作，也可能是经常性动作
2. to have done
这个可能是一次性动作，也可能是虚拟性动作
3. had done
这个可能是来自did/have done/had done三种形式中的某一种.
即可能是常规变格(shift)的时态，也可能，did来自had done简化的形态。
4. 说话时具体场景
这种情况可能不见得都按常理出牌
举几个例子：
1. He was believed to be a student.
以前是个学生，现在呢？一般不是。
如果现在还是学生，应该是，He is believed to be a student.
2. He was believed to have been a student.
以前是个学生，现在肯定不是
还有个意思就是，当时错以为他是个学生，却实际不是
3. He is believed to have been killed in battle.
原始句应该是 People believe that he has been killed in battle.
等等
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你的疑问二
直接给你上句子，自己看：
We think he is waiting there now.
It is thought that he is waiting there now.
He is thought to be waiting there now.
People say he was working very hard.
It is said that he was working very hard.
He is said to have been working very hard.
People believe the factory will make profit soon.
It is believed that the factory will make profit soon.
The factory is believed to make profit soon.
People expect that the rate of exchange will go down soon.
It is expected that the rate of crime will go down soon.
The rate of crime is expected to go down soon.
因为语义上，
expect sb will do = expect sb to do
expect sb will be doing = expect sb to be doing.
但：
I expect you to go -> 含有“should”的味道
I expect that you will go -> 含有“你的意愿”的味道
上面两句略有不同
you are expected to go. 有上面两种味道
文句孤立地看，含义很多，但在上下语境中，该是什么意思，自然是明确的。
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People believe he will have delivered all the newspapers by 8 o’clock.
It is believed that he will have delivered all the newspapers by 8 o’clock.
He is believed to have delivered all the newspapers by 8’clock.
They say that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day.
It’s said that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day.
A lot of electrical appliances are said to be stolen every day.
They report that two people were killed in the explosion.
It’s reported that two people were killed in the explosion.
Two people are reported to have been killed in the explosion.
其它的，可能在上面的回答中，可以找到答案
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