网友可能误将wh-开头的词理解为都是疑问词了,所以才会这么提问。
wh-开头的词可以分为六类:
1 疑问代词(who/whom/whose/what/which)、疑问限定词(which/what/whose)、疑问副词(when/where/why/how)。这些词就是所谓的疑问词,它们都有疑问含义。它们的句法功能为引导疑问分句:特殊疑问句或间接疑问句(即名词性从句)。传统语法将引导间接疑问句(即名词性从句)的疑问词称为连接代词/副词。但现代语法则没有连接代词这一术语。无论引导特殊疑问句还是间接疑问句,wh-词都一律称为疑问词。例如:
What are you doing? 疑问代词引导特殊疑问句
Whose book is this? 疑问限定词引导特殊疑问句
When did he leave? 疑问副词引导特殊疑问句
I asked him what he was doing. 连接代词/疑问代词引导间接疑问句(名词性从句)
Tell me whose book this is. 连接限定词/疑问限定词引导间接疑问句(名词性从句)
I don't know when he left. 连接副词/疑问副词引导间接疑问句(名次性从句)
2 关系代词(who/whom/which)、关系限定词(whose/which)和关系副词(when/where/why). 这些Wh-词属于关系词,不含疑问含义,而是指代先行词的意义,与先行词是共指关系(即指代先行词,与先行词表示的是同一个或一些人/事物/地点/时间/方式/原因/内容等)。它们的句法作用就是引导关系分句(即传统语法中的定语从句)。例如:
The book which I bought yesterday is on the desk. 关系代词引导定语从句
The fire lasted three hours, during which time everything in the house was destroyed. 关系限定词引导定语从句
I still remember the time when we met the first time. 关系副词引导定语从句
3 融合型关系代词(what/whatever/whichever/whoever/whomever)、融合型关系限定词(whatever/whichever/whosever)和融合型关系副词(when/whenever/where/wherever).
融合型关系词同样没有疑问含义。融合型关系代词集先行词与关系代词语一身,相当于先行词+关系代词。融合型关系限定词集限定词与关系代词于一身(但不包括先行词),相当于限定词+(先行词)+关系代词。融合型关系副词集先行词+关系副词或介词+先行词+关系副词于一身,相当于先行词+关系副词或介词+先行词+关系副词。它们的句法功能是:1) 引导名词性关系分句。 2 )融合型关系副词还可以引导状语从句/副词性关系分句。例如:
Don't believe what he told you. 融合型关系代词引导名词性关系分句。what=the word which
I will buy whichever car is cheapest. 融合型关系限定词引导名词性关系分出。whichever car=any car that
This is where Tom had the car accident. 融合型关系副词引导名词性关系分句。where=the place where
Put the book where you put it yesterday. 融合型关系副词引导状语从句/副词性关系分句。where=in the place where. (where在从句中作状语,因此不是连词)
4 感叹限定词(what) 和 感叹副词(how)。它们没有疑问含义,而是表示“多么”、“如此”这样的感叹意义。其句法功能为引导感叹分句:感叹句和间接感叹句。
What a nice car (it is)! 感叹限定词引导感叹句
How fast he runs! 感叹副词引导感叹句
It surprised me how stupit he is. 感叹副词引导间接感叹句
I can't believe what a big mistake he has made. 感叹限定词引导间接感叹句。
5 让步代词(whoever/whomever/whosever)和让步副词(whenever/wherever/however)。它们都有疑问含义,翻译时要译出疑问意义“无论谁/怎样/如何/哪里/什么时候等。其句法功能为引导让步状语从句。例如:
Whoever he is, I don't trust him.
However hard you may try, you won't succeed.
Wherever you are, I will find you out.
以上让步状语从句的引导词都在从句中作成分,故不是连词。我给它们起了名称:让步代词和让步副词。
6 从属连词(whether, when, where, while等)。连词不作分句成分,只引导从句,除了whether既可以引导间接疑问句(名词性从句),也可以引导让步状语从句外,其它词则只引导状语从句。例句从略。
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