The summer vacation being over, John returned to school from his hometown．

=When the summer was over, John returned to school from his hometown

参考译文：当暑假结束后，约翰从他的家乡返回到学校。

A. Because the summer vacation over(缺谓语动词was错误）

B. The summer vacation is over   （缺连词when/after错误）

C. After the summer vacation being over（缺谓语动词错误）

D. The summer vacation being over （独立主格结构，正确）

答案是D，疑惑的是Being done 的结构 正在进行被动， D项是独立主格结构，应该是说明假期结束了的状态，为什么还要用正在进行的被动呢？

解答如下：

为独立主格结构，即名词(the summer)+现在分词构成(being over)在句中作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句when the summer vacation was over作时间状语。

being over不是进行时态，而是系动词be的现在分词形式.

The summer vacation 是现在分词being over逻辑主语，属于现在分词自带主语，不是句子的主语

备注：

(1)The summer vacation being over属于逻辑上主系表关系,因为现在分词being属于非谓语动词。非谓语动词只有逻辑上主语，

(2)The summer vacation was over属于语法上主系表关系，因为是was谓语动词,谓语动词有语法上主语。