At the beginning of the 19th century, the language only existed in scholarly and religious written work having died out in spoken form around 200 to 400CE.
请教各位老师,having died out in spoken form around 200 to 400CE 在句中作什么成份?我的疑问是现在分词的完成式如果作状语前面需有逗号,而且现在分词的完成式不是不能作限制性后置定语吗?请老师们详解!
At the beginning of the 19th century, the language only existed in scholarly and religious written work having died out in spoken form around 200 to 400CE.
【翻译】19世纪初,这种语言只存在于学术和宗教著作中,大约在公元前200至400年间就以口头语体消失了。
1. 分词的完成式,只能作状语,说明发生在谓语动词之前。用以区别它跟谓语动词发生的先后。
2. 分词的完成式,不能作定语或宾语补足语。
3. 本句在work 之后,最好加逗号停顿,不加也无妨。即便不加逗号,也不可能作定语修饰work,它跟work(作品、著作)无法构成修饰关系。
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having died out in spoken form around 200 to 400CE 为现在分词短语作原因状语。理由如下:
1 现在分词的完成体形式having done只能作状语。
2 分词作状语,其逻辑主语为主句的主语。本句中having died out的逻辑主语为the language(主语)。
3 当一个语法结构在句中的作用不是主语、谓语、宾语、表语、宾补、同位语、插入语,那么就一定是状语。
4 现在分词作定语必须与被修饰名词在逻辑上为主谓关系,即被修饰名词为分词动作的施事者。而本句中written work并不是die out的施事者,故排除定语。
5 拉丁语having died out与only existed之间有逻辑因果关系,故为原因状语。
6 原因状语在句末可用逗号,也可不用逗号
7 分词短语可以改为原因状语从句:because it had died out in spoken form around 200 to 400 A.D.
句中的200 to 400 CE 似应为200 to 400 A.D.
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