请问专家:how much, how many 能不能引导感叹句?
感觉有的人说可以,有的人说不可以,不知如何才好。如:
How much money (on the table)!
How many trees (on the hill)!
这样的句子对吗?
我觉得下面的句子是可以说的:
How much money (on the table)!
How many trees (on the hill)!
这类句子可视为省略了 there are 之类的结构,以上面的第二句为例:
How many trees (on the hill)!
→How many trees there are (on the hill)!
→How many trees we have planted (on the hill)!
类似的句子我在《薄冰英语用法问答1144例》的第912页查到一个:
How many times she had sat there! (薄冰教授同时在下文指出,此句来源于一位美国著名语法家)
当然,这类句子也可以改用更常见的 what a lot of...:
What a lot of money (on the table)!
What a lot of trees (on the hill)!
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how much money 和 how many trees 中的much 和 many 在现代语法被认为是后位限定词,但在传统语法被认为是代词的形容词用法,相当于形容词。
当形容词作名词的定语,同时需要造感叹句时,只有单数名词(即有不定冠词 a 存在的情况下)才可以用how引导感叹句,复数名词和不可数名词不能用后位,而要用what来引导感叹句。换句话说,感叹句中how对应陈述句中的so; 感叹句中的what对应陈述句中的such。例如:
陈述句:
He is a clever boy. He is such a clever boy. He is so clever a boy.
They are clever boys. They are such clever boys. 但不能说:They are so clever boys.
It is clean water. It is such clean water. 但不能说:It is so clean water.
感叹句:将such 改为what或将so改为how并将名词词组移至句首,句末改用感叹号。
How clever a boy (he is) ! (正)
What a clever boy (he is) ! (正)
What clever boys (they are) ! (正)
What clean water (it is) ! (正)
How clever boys (they are) ! (误)
How clean water (it is) ! (误)
但是,much和many 修饰名词(分别为不可数名词和复数名词)后,还可以用so强调much和many的程度:
He has so much money. He has such a lot of money.
There are so many trees. There are such a lot of trees.
由此我们可以推知,以上句子可以用how取代so或用what取代such, 改为感叹句:
How much money he has !
What a lot of money he has !
How many trees there are !
What a lot of trees there are !
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我觉得,从道理上讲,只有形容词或副词,以及其他表示“程度”的副词,才可以用How 引出,才有可能构成感叹句。
鉴于此,How many ...只能表达数量上的疑问,无法表示程度,所以无法构成感叹句。How much ...除了表达数量上的疑问外,还可以表达程度,所以,可以构成感叹句。例如:
How much I think of you!
我是多么想念你们啊!
感叹句用作名词性从句:
You can't begin to imagine how much that saddens me.
你都无从想象这让我有多悲伤。
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