Which/ whichever与what /whatever在名词从句中做定语修饰n时的区别
I gave him what books I had. 我把我所有的书都给他了。
Goats eat whatever food they can find.
We’ll eat at whichever restaurant has a free table.
=We’ll eat at which restaurant has a free table.
是不是 whichever语气比which更强,而whatever跟what语义上有区别呢?
谢谢老师的回答!
1 网友的问题涉及所谓融合型关系分句(fused relatives)中,what/whatever, which/whichever 作为融合型关系限定词的用法。
2 根据Huddleston所著《剑桥英语语法》,which作为融合型关系词只能是关系限定词,
用于所谓的自由选择结构(free choice construction)中,此时which 为 whichever 的简略形式,在意义上等同于 whichever。但除了自由选择结构外,则不能用which,而要用whichever。因此有必要了解自由选择结构。下面用例句作以说明。
You can eat at which restaurant you like.
这个例句表示主句主语you可以自由选择在哪个餐馆吃饭。从句的谓语限于please,want, like, wish, choose等少数动词,且暗示这些动词后省略了不定式短语,如本句省略了to eat (实际上to eat 是不表示出来的)。这种从句必须位于主句谓语之后。
who 也可以在自由选择结构中代替whoever.
You can invite who you want.
以上二个例句就是所谓的自由选择结构。who, which作为融合型关系词,在现代英语中只能用于自由选择结构。则意义上等同于whoever,whichever.
根据这种观点,网友的下面句子不属于自由选择结构,因此必须使用-ever类关系词,不能用which。
We’ll eat at whichever restaurant has a free table. (正)
We’ll eat at which restaurant has a free table. (误)
同理,
She will mary whoever is rich. (正)
She will mary who is rich. (误)
3 what是融合型关系词中唯一一个可以自由用于各种结构的不带-ever的关系词。在自由选择结构中,what 和 whatever 几乎没有差别。例如:
You can take what/whatever you want.
4 作为融合型关系限定词,what只能后接不可数名词或复数名词,不可以后接单数名词。
5 关系限定词what含有“少数、几个”的意义,该意义可通过little,few予以增强。不可与much, many 连用。例如
I gave him what (little) money I had. (正)
I gave him what (few) books I had. (正)
I gave him what much money I had. (误)
I gave him what many books I had. (误)
6 whatever + 名词总是泛指的。what+名词则可能泛指,可能特指。例如:
He was pleased with what money I gave him. 特指。不能用whatever。
I will give him what money I can get. 泛指,可改用whatever。
7
I gave him what books I had. 特指,不宜改用whatever。
Goats eat whatever food they can find. 泛指,可改用what。
8 融合型关系限定词which和what的区别,与疑问限定词which和what的区别相同,即前者表示在一定范围内选择,what则表示没有范围限制。
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首先,澄清一个问题:what 和whatever,which 和whichever,当它们用作限定词(形容词用法)修饰另外的名词时,不表示“疑问概念”,而是表示“范围概念”。这些词都可以用来引导名词性从句。
what 和whatever:意为“所......的”;“......范围的”
which 和whichever:意为“无论什么样的”;“任何种的”
网友的4个句子都对:
I gave him what books I had.
我给了他我所有的书。
Goats eat whatever food they can find.
山羊吃它们能够找到的所有食物。
We’ll eat at whichever restaurant has a free table.
我们可在任何一家有免费餐桌的餐馆吃饭。
We’ll eat at which restaurant has a free table.
我们可在任何一家有免费餐桌的餐馆吃饭。
带有ever 的,表示强调说话人的语气,其实,意思是一样的。
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what 和 whatever 可以作为限定词,作前置定语,后者表示强调说话人的语气。例如:What money he has comes from his family. (= The money that he has ...)他现有的钱都是家里给的。/ I'll give you what help I can . ( = ... any help that I can .)我会尽我所能来帮你。(摘自《牛津英语用法指南》第三版497.3节)Eat whatever food (= any food that) you like . 吃任何你喜欢的食物。(摘自《刘毅英语语法宝典》p.158)