However luminous an insight might seem initially 让步状语从句, brilliance is not a reliable predictor of validity主句, and并列连词 sure enough 评注性状语 the history of physical chemistry is replete with theories主系表结构 that were as ingenious as any but that eventually collapsed.由but并列的定语从句修饰theories。

Question 1:

And sure enough，and是不是和开头的however并列，还原后and however sure enough…?

and连接二个并列分句，and前后的二个分句在结构上没有关系。

sure enough为评注性状语，为说话人的评论，并不修饰句子或句子的谓语。相当于and it is sure enough that...

不存在倒装句。

Question 2:

Any but的结构部分应该怎么理解？

我理解的是theories that were as ingenious as any（theory is） but that （theories）eventually collapsed.

你对but的理解是正确的。but和any无关，只是碰巧排列在一起。

对事物本质的深刻理解无论在一开始似乎多么明晰，但这种明晰并不能可靠地预示理解的正确性。足够肯定的是，物理化学的历史上的很多理论开始都显得新颖独创，但最终都证明为错误被抛弃。