It was the Friday before he came to see me.
这个 before 引导的是定语从句吗?
如果不是,它是什么从句?如果是,那 before 引导定语从句有什么规律?
除了when 可以引导定语从句,修饰时间外,before 也完全可以,since 和 after 也不例外,这些曾经的引导状语从句的从属连词,可以摇身一变成“关系副词”,引导定语从句。请看:
1. Six o'clock is the hour when I get up every day. 六点钟是我每天起床的时刻。
2. She recalls the time before she got married to him, and it was so wonderful. 她回忆起认识他之前的那段时间,那是多么美好啊。
3. For most of the time since it gained independence, the country has been ruled by the cruel man. 在获得独立以来的大部分时间里,该国一直被无情的人所统治。
4. We will start off the day after they arrive. 我们将在他们到达后的第二天出发。
▲ 这4个关系副词引导定语从句,差别在于:
1. when侧重定语从句动词发生的时间跟先行词表示的时间的重合。如:the hour 和when I get up的时间是重合的。
2. before把先行词的时间,限制在before从句动词发生之前。如:the time before she got married to him,说明“认识她结婚之前的那段时间”,意味着:结婚以后的时间可能就不怎么样了。
3. since把先行词的时间,限制在since从句动词发生以来至今的范围。如:For most of the time since it gained independence,说明“获得独立以来至今的大部分时间里”,虽然国家独立了,不再是别国的殖民地了,但是,独立以来的这段时间却一直是独裁统治。
4. after把先行词的时间,限制在after从句动词发生之后的那个时间点。如:the day after they arrive说明“出发”是在他们到来的后一天,就是第二天,不是当天。
网友的句子:It was the Friday before he came to see me. 中,before he came to see me显然是定语从句,修饰the Friday,不可能是状语从句修饰was。本句,It表示日期,the Friday作表语。句子意思是:日期是他来看我之前的那个星期五。
▲ before 引导的定语从句举例:
1. I went shopping the day before the guests arrived. 在客人到达的前一天,我去购物了。
2. The day before the wedding was held, Anna wept all night. 在婚礼举行的前一天,安娜哭了一夜。
3. It happened (on) the day before you returned. 它发生在你回来的前一天。
4. Every day before class begins the teacher always calls the roll. 每天开始上课前,老师经常要点名。
▲ since 引导的定语从句举例:
1. Every hour since I came has been most enjoyable. 我来之后的每一个小时都非常好玩。
2. He has thought of her every day since they last parted. 自从上次离别,他每天都想念着她。
3. The water supply company has supplied 170, 000 cubic-meter water to the city every day since it was established 20 years ago. 供水公司自20年前成立以来,每天向城市供水170000立方米。
4. He has worn a long face every day since he was demoted. 被降职后的每一天,他都是愁眉苦脸。
▲ after 引导的定语从句举例:
1. Why do I find the Internet, games and music as my best friend every day after I am off work? 为什么每天下班后,我都把上网、玩游戏、听音乐看作我最好的朋友?
2. The conveyance shall be cleaned and disinfected in good time every day after the carriage work is finished. 每天运送工作结束后,应当对运送工具及时进行清洁和消毒。
3. Every time after I finish doing Taijiquan, I feel like a new person. 每次我打完太极拳,都感觉像换了一个人似的。
4. Now you know you'll have to clean your bathtub every time after you use it. 你现在该知道你要每天用完后清理浴室下水道了吧。
【观点】从上述例句和分析可以看出,引导时间概念的定语从句,不仅仅限于when,而且,before, since, after都可以。那么,传统语法是忽略了这个问题?还是因为使用不多而没有涉及?还是因为其他原因?但是,无论如何,这是一种语言现象,从研究角度考虑,这是不可忽视的!
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It was the Friday before he came to see me.
这个before从句确实是修饰the Friday, 因此从功能上看确实是定语。从逻辑上讲,一个作定语的从句应该就是定语从句。但传统语法对定语从句的定义是:由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句。例如,which引导的从句修饰主句时,明明不是定语也叫定语从句。因此,这个从句又不能叫做定语从句。现代语法将定语从句称为关系分句,而这个before从句显然不是关系分句。
夸克会称这个before从句是名词Friday的后置修饰语。避免了定语这个术语。
Huddleston的《剑桥英语语法》将引导状语从句的连词分析为介词,before+名词,before+从句在该书中都被分析为介词短语。按照该书的观点,本句分析如下:
It 主语
was 系词
the Friday before he came to see me 名词词组作表语。该名词词组由中心词+介词词组作为后置修饰语构成。介词短语由介词+限定内容分句作补足语构成。
这种分析方法可能尚未被大多数学者所接受。
其实before作为介词是可以作定语的。例如,the day before yesterday, before yesterday就是the day的定语,意为昨天的前一天。那么, the day before he came自然也可以作定语,意为他来的前一天。同理,the Friday before he came to see me, 意为他来看我的前一个周五。the day aftre he came也是同样的结构。
看来语法学家对这样的从句没有一个统一的名称。网友知道有这种从句作定语就够了。
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It was the Friday before he came to see me.
参考译文:时间是他来看我的前一个周五。
(before 这里不是关系副词引导定语词从句)
It was the Friday when he came to see me
=It was Friday on which he came to see me
以上为关系副词when引导定语从句
(1)before prep.(时间上)在…之前,早于
Annie was born a few weeks before Christmas.
安妮出生在圣诞节前几周。
Before World War II, women were not recruited as intelligence officers.
在第二次世界大战之前,女性不能当情报人员。
My husband rarely comes to bed before 2 or 3am.
我丈夫很少在凌晨两三点之前睡觉。
(2) conj.在(他人做某事)之前
Before Gallacher could catch up with the ball, Nadlovu had beaten him to it.
加拉赫还没来得及追上球,纳德洛武就已经抢先一步触到球了。
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