非常希望问题得到解答,问题描述的不甚清楚,但我尽力了这个问题我已经思考很久了,奈何水平有限,想不明白。拜谢!!
问题笼统概述:单独出现in fact, but, quite the opposite时可以弄清楚,但是当他们结合使用之后,就不知道各自在句子中起什么作用了。
疑问一 but与in fact同时出现
当but与in fact同时出现时,对比如下:
例句1:I thought the work would be difficult. In actual fact, it's very easy. 我原以为这工作会很难,事实上却很容易。
例句2:That sounds rather simple, but in fact it's very difficult. 那听来简单,但实际上很难。
问题1:例句1中,句子含义的转折由in fact提供,此时,in fact相当于but;例句2中, but, in fact同时出现,but是连词,in fact是副词,but应该是起到连接句子的作用,那么in fact此时是修饰谁,起什么作用呢?和but又有什么联系和区别?
问题1的延伸:加入其他逻辑转折词比如but, when, whereas等时,句子的转折含义由逻辑转折词提供,问题同上,那么In fact在句子中修饰谁,起到什么作用?
补充例句1:whereas
Her teachers said she was a slow learner, whereas in actual fact she was partially deaf.
补充例句2:when
The temperature sensor is making the computer think the engine is cold when, in fact, it's hot.
(我个人认为,例句2中,句子转折的含义已经由but提供,那么in fact在这是要表明什么?假如in fact的用法同例句1中一样的话,我觉得in fact在这很多余啊?)
问题2:在同时有opposite和逻辑提示词时,他们各自起的作用是什么?两者谁起到主导作用?
疑问二 but与quite the opposite同时出现
当but与quite the opposite同时出现时,例句:
We thought the job might be difficult, but it was quite the opposite. [=it was easy] 这句中很明显 opposite取 difficult的反义,也就是opposite = easy。
如果替换成:We thought the job might be not easy, but it was quite the opposite. [=it was easy]
句中出现了not,那么此时opposite取什么的反义呢?
当in fact与quite the opposite同时出现时,例句:
It's not that wolves are unintelligent; it's quite the opposite, in fact.
这句opposite取谁的反?
双重否定变为肯定后:
Wolves are intelligent; it's quite the opposite, in fact.
此时句中消除了not,opposite又是什么情况呢?
那么当indeed和quite the opposite一起出现时:
History teaches us that science is not _____ enterprise; indeed, it is quite the opposite, a motley assortment of tools designed to safeguard researchers against their own biases.
空格处正确答案为a monolithic。句中有not,indeed,quite the opposite,这时候他们之间的关系是什么?
(我的错误思路:要能填出括号处词汇,science = it,quite the opposite表示科学要取原来含义的反面,science原来含义 = not 括号,所以取反即抵消not后, quite the opposite = 括号;opposite的含义被逗号后的状语解释,是a motley assortment, 即混合的,那么opposite = 混合的 = 括号,括号要填 collective)
括号处若将 not a monolithic更改:History teaches us that science is(a collective) enterprise; indeed, it is quite the opposite, a motley assortment of tools designed to safeguard researchers against their own biases.
句中有indeed,quite the opposite,这时候他们之间的关系是什么?
网友之所以产生疑惑,是因为对语法结构了解不全面,有些概念不正确。在逻辑分析的时候脱离了语法结构允许的范围。
疑问一 but与in fact同时出现
例句1:I thought the work would be difficult. In actual fact, it's very easy. 我原以为这工作会很难,事实上却很容易。
in actual fact=in fact, 是介词短语,不是副词,虽然介词短语可以起副词的作用在句中作状语。状语有修饰性状语(修饰谓语动词),还有评注性状语和连接性状语。后二者并不修饰谓语动词,而是表示说话人对句子的评论或解释,或者起句子间连接作用。in fact(事实上),就是评注性状语。意为后面句子所说的是事实。其本身并没有转折的意思。因此不等于but。网友误以为in fact=but,这种认识是错误的。例句1是二个独立的句子。尽管二个句子之间存在对比或转折关系,但可以不用任何表示转折意义的词语。听话人或读者会明白二个句子之间的逻辑关系。例如:
The TV set was too expensive. I didn't buy it.
任何思维正常的人都能看出“昂贵”和“没买”之间是因果关系。这样写的两个句子是没有错误的。但说话人也可以强调这种因果关系,用连接性状语表示二个句子之间的逻辑关系:
The TV set was too expensive. So I didn't buy it.
第二句中的副词so就是连接性状语,它并不修饰谓语,而是表示本句和前一句之间的逻辑关系为因果关系,前一句为因,后一句为果。
如果我们将两个句子合并为一个句子,则二个分句之间就需要并列连词或从属连词连接:
The TV set was too expensive, and I didn't buy it. and也可以表示英国关系。
I didn't buy the TV set, for it was too expensive. for为并列连词,表示因果关系。
The TV set was too expensive,so I didn't buy it. So在这里被用作并列连词(非正式)。
Because the TV set was too expensive, I didn't buy it.原因状语从句。
The TV set was too expensive, so that I didn't buy it. 结果状语从句。
例句2:That sounds rather simple, but in fact it's very difficult. 那听来简单,但实际上很难。
现在网友应该明白:当我们将例句1的二个句子合并为并列句,我们就需要并列连词but表示这种并列关系,but是连词,不作成分,in fact是第二分句的评注性状语。转折是由but表示的,与in fact无关。
when, whereas均可用作并列连词,大约等于but, 连接二个并列分句,表示转折关系。in fact仍是评注性状语,表示说话人解释说,我说的是事实。这与转折无关。in fact用作句末或插入句子中间,传统语法认为是插入语,但仍然是说话人的解释,不修饰谓语动词。现代语法还是认为其是评注性状语
疑问二 but与quite the opposite同时出现
当but与quite the opposite同时出现时,例句:
We thought the job might be difficult, but it was quite the opposite. [=it was easy] 这句中很明显 opposite取 difficult的反义,也就是opposite = easy。
如果替换成:We thought the job might be not easy, but it was quite the opposite. [=it was easy]
句中出现了not,那么此时opposite取什么的反义呢?
你自己已经回答了这个问题,not easy的对立面当然是easy,这有什么疑问呢?
当in fact与quite the opposite同时出现时,例句:
It's not that wolves are unintelligent; it's quite the opposite, in fact.
这句opposite取谁的反?
in fact是否使用是没有关系的。不用考虑。
网友对这个句子的理解错误,导致逻辑推理错误。
英语有It is not that..., it's just that...这样的结构,用来解释前面所说的事情(由it指代)的原因不是A,而是B。例如:
It’s not that I don’t love you, it’s just that I want to be free to live my own life.(我不能和接受你的爱),不是我不爱你,而是我想自由地过自己的生活。
还可以用not that..., but that...结构:
Not that I don’t love you, but that I want to be free to live my own life.
如果A与B在意义上正好相反,后半句则为:it is (just/quite) the opposite.
因此,网友的这句话的意思不是说狼是否聪明,而是解释狼的某种举动产生的原因,即那个举动不是因为狼不聪明,而是因为事实上狼太聪明。由于不聪明和太聪明在逻辑意义上正好相反,因此后半句用了it's the opposite:
It's not that wolves are unintelligent; it's quite the opposite, in fact.
=It's not that wolves are unintelligent; it's just that wolves are very intelligent, in fact.
不是因为...,而是因为...。
那么当indeed和quite the opposite一起出现时:
History teaches us that science is not _____ enterprise; indeed, it is quite the opposite, a motley assortment of tools designed to safeguard researchers against their own biases.
空格处正确答案为a monolithic。句中有not,indeed,quite the opposite,这时候他们之间的关系是什么?
indeed在此等于in fact, 为评注性状语,说话人解释后面所说的是事实。与opposite的理解没有任何关系。
“这是一个词汇考试题。如果你知道opposite后的形容词motley意为”混杂的、混合的“,由opposite可知,括号处应填一个与motley意义相反的形容词。如果你认识四个选项中的词,并知道monolithic为形容词,意为整体的、单体的,则知道这个词是标准答案。其它的思考都是离题的,或者对句子的错误理解。
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强烈建议网友好好学习一下 “奥卡姆思维经济原则”,别把简单的问题搞得如此复杂。很简单的问题,你写了那么多,甭说给你解答了,一般人都会看晕了。
你的问题中,包含着如下几个关键词汇:
in fact = in actual fact = indeed: 事实上,实际上
but:但是;可是
quite the opposite:恰恰相反。
when:引导并列句表示对比,意为:然而。
whereas:引导并列句表示对比,意为:然而。
这些词汇的词义都非常明确。放在句子中,该怎么理解就怎么理解,该怎么翻译就怎么翻译。为什么要给自己设置这么多的障碍?
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