英语成分分隔（词语分隔）现象分析

——兼谈对高考试题的影响和解题思路

作者原创 （2010年）

【引言】

1. Over time my memory has developed so much that, like an elehpant, I never forget anything I have been told! “随着时间的推移，我的记忆力发展得如此之快，就像一头大象一样，我从来不会忘记告诉我的任何事情！”（新课标必修二第3单元课文）

2. Later, Catherine II had the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers.“后来，叶卡捷琳娜二世派人把琥珀屋搬到圣彼得堡郊外她避暑的宫殿中。”（新课标必修二第1单元课文）

3. There is no doubt that the boxes were then put on a train for Konigsberg, which was at that time a German city on theBaltic Sea.“毫无疑问，这些箱子后来被装上火车运往哥尼斯堡，当时德国在波罗的海边的一个城市。”（新课标必修二第1单元课文）

4. The nusicians were to play jokes on each other as well as play music, most of which was based loosely on the Beatles. 组成乐队的音乐人演奏音乐，还彼此打趣逗笑。这些玩笑和音乐大多都在模仿“甲壳虫”乐队。（新课标必修二第5单元课文）

以上句子都是必修二课本上的。斜体部分的词语把本来比较紧密的句子结构分隔开来，使得句子有些松散或不够紧凑，但感觉起来，句子却能匀称流畅，结构协调。如句1中，本来so...that...句式中，that从句表示结果，后面应直接跟一从句，但被like an elehpant及两个逗号分开。句2中，定语从句where she spent her summers是修饰 palace的，但被介词短语 outside St Petersburg分隔开来。句3中，the boxes were then put on a train是被动语态，但在be和过去分词之间被时间副词then分隔开来。而which was at that time a German city是个紧凑的主系表结构，但被at that time把was和a German city分隔。most of which was based loosely on the Beatles中，based on被loosely分隔开来。这就是我们所说的“英语分隔现象”，而这种现象在英语中大量地存在着，可以说比比皆是。

“英语分隔现象”， 会影响网友对英语的学习和理解，而且目前已渗透到高考试题当中。因此，我们有必要对该问题做一探讨，并结合高考试题进行诊断和提出对策。

（一）词语分隔现象的原因

简单地说，在英语句子中，两个结构关系密切或意义紧密相连的成分应紧挨在一起。但有时因为语法句型或修辞表达的原因，需要在这些紧密相连的成分之间插入一些其他词语，从而造成分隔现象。

一、语法结构的原因

当两个及以上的后置定语同时修饰一个名词时，或两个及以上的状语同时修饰一个动词或形容词时，或一个及物动词有两个宾语时，分隔是必然的。

For the last years of her life she lived in a place where she was not liked, ruled by a son who hated her. 在她的余生中，她住在她儿子控制的地方，那个地方不喜欢她，她儿子也恨她。

place有两个后置定语：where she was not liked和ruled by a son who hated her，必有一个会与所修饰的词语分隔。

We think it’s a feeling that comes as a result of good things that just happen to us, things over which we have little or no control. 我们认为幸福是一种感觉，这种感觉是由于我们刚经历了一些好事而产生的，对这些事我们几乎不能甚至根本不能控制。

good things有两个修饰语，定语从句that just happen to us和同位语things over which we have little or no control。由于同位语本身还带有一个定语从句，且同位语和前面那个定语从句与他们所共同所修饰的词语的关系相比不太密切，故放在后面。

 在一些特殊结构中，由于句型的要求，关系密切的词语必须分隔，如：

What is there to worry about?有什么值得担心的吗？

动词不定式to worry about作what的定语，但因为特殊疑问句，需要把what提前至句首，而造成分隔。

Is there anything you want that you have not? 还有哪样你所要的东西你没有？

You are the only girl I know who can really play chess. 你是我认识的唯一的真正会下棋的女孩子。

Try as you may, you will not succeed. 虽然你可以试一试，但不会成功的。

这是一个由as引导的让步状语从句，try和may必须分隔，如改为As you may try则会导致意义变化。

二、修辞表达的原因

1．为了让句子保持平衡、避免头重脚轻的现象，或者为了避免累赘而分隔。如：

She keeps in the garden some of the most lovable little rabbits you ever saw. 她在花园里养着一些你所见到过的最可爱的小兔。

宾语较长而状语太短，故将地点状语in the garden提到宾语前，造成动宾分隔。

2．为使表达更准确、严密，以免引起误解而分隔。如：

He has promised to really unite the people in the company. 他许诺要真正团结全公司的人。（修饰unite）

这是一个分裂不定式，really因为修饰unite，须放在之前。如果将really放在句末或其他位置，句意会发生变化。如：

He has really promised to unite the people in the company. 他确实许诺要团结全公司的人。（really修饰has promised）

He has promised to unite the people in the company really.（really可能修饰promised，也可能修饰unite，造成歧义。）

3．为了强调，可将句中某个成分置于句首或句尾，或为了使上下文衔接紧凑而把句中某个成分置于句首，或为了突出某一部分，从而造成分隔现象，如：

This too we have tolerated. 这我们也忍受了。

为强调宾语，将其提前到句首，从而造成动宾分隔。

Happy people, as especially in individualistic Western cultures, like themselves. 快乐的人都十分赏识自我表现，这在强调个性的西方文化中显得尤为突出。

Happy people like themselves.一句本身已很短，本句中插入成分as especially in individualistic Western cultures因此显得很醒目，这样做的目的在于强调。

4．避免句式呆板，使表达生动活泼。如：

It was, as I said, not to be liked. 正如我所说的那样，这是不招人喜欢的。

as I said现置于句中造成句子分隔，说出时有所停顿，句式显得较灵活。

（二）充当分隔的成分

两个本应紧挨在一起的词语，往往可以被较短的谓语、主谓结构、定语、状语宾语、同位语等分隔，如：

He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。

修饰He的定语从句who laughs last被谓语laughs best分隔。

Those who have been in a serious accident often report that, as it occurred, everything happened in slow motion. 那些经历过严重事故的人常描述说，在事故发生的过程中，一切都以慢动作的形式进行。

状语从句as it occurred将本应紧挨在一起的连词that和它引导的宾语从句分隔开了。

下面列举一些经常起分隔作用的词语。

1．介词短语。

像in addition to, in my opinion, for example, for instance, of course, as a result, in fact, as a matter of fact,at all, in a/one word, on the other hand等固定的介词短语，可以造成分隔。如：

I didn't find the joke at all amusing.我认为这笑话一点也不可笑。 

Growing up, of course, means realizing that there is only so much room in one life, whether you are male or female. 当然，成长意味着要明白一生就这么点儿回旋的余地，不管你是男是女。

There are many people on the platform waiting for the train.

2．非谓语动词。

The burglar, found guilty of breaking into the store, was put on four years’ probation, sentenced to 180 days in jail and ordered to do 200 hours of community service. 窃贼因犯有闯入商店抢劫的罪行被判刑180天，缓刑四年，并被罚做200小时的社区服务工作。

The resistance, experienced when one body moves over another, with which it is in contact, is called the frictional force. 一个物体在和它接触的另一物体上移动时所受的阻力，叫做摩擦力。

3．独立主格结构。

But it’s the millions of homes, with all their electrical appliances srunning, that cause the problem. 但是，正是这千百万让他们家里全部电器运转的家庭，造成了这个问题。

The little girl, with her mother away from home, felt very lonely. 那个女孩因母亲不在家，感到很孤独。

4．副词（短语）。

像however, therefore, moreover, hence, more or less等副词（短语），也经常造成分隔现象。如：

There's one point, however, that has made me confused. 不过, 有一个问题使我感到迷惑。

Sometimes, though, you may find that high priority items are the very ones you seek to avoid. 然而，有时你可能会发现有些重要的优先项目正是你试图回避的。

5．同位语。

Tom, a 27-year-old hacker, has a different point of view. 27岁的黑客汤姆则持另一种观点。

Joanna, Faber’s teenage daughter, came home one day looking distressed. 费伯十多岁的女儿乔安娜有一天回到家时显得很沮丧。

6．各类从句：名词性从句，状语从句，定语从句等。

Does this simply imply, as many have guessed, that at least 30% of the jobs might be at risk. 正像许多人猜测的那样，这是否仅仅意味着，有至少30%工作可能有风险吗？

You just sit back and let it ---whatever it is--- happen. 不管是什么事情，你都只需袖手旁观，任其发生。

7．I think, I believe, I say, they say, I believe, I'm afraid, do you think/believe/suppose, to tell the truth, to be honest, to be frank, generally speaking, frankly speaking, honestly speaking, believe it or not, worse still,what's more, as far as I'm concerned等引述语或插入语。

It is at home, they say, that children must be helped to develop enough self-esteem and establish enough of a sense of right and wrong to overcome the urge to cheat. 他们说，就是在家庭中，必须帮助孩子们产生足够的自尊心，树立明确的是非观，克制作弊的欲望。

This is a good chance, I think, that you can win.我认为这是你能赢的最好机会。

（三）分隔类型归纳

 以下例句中，句子的两个密切相关的成分，被黑体部分分隔开来。

1. 主谓分隔

I found to my disappointment that all the tickets to the theatre had been sold.

E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.

Better kitchen planning, for example, could cut down on the number of trips to the supermarket. 

He, however, didn’t understand at all the theory on which I based my invention.

The novelist, therefore, has a special responsibility both to the present and the past of his country.

Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.

Anyway, that evening, which I’ll tell you more about later, ended up staying at Rachel’s place.

2. 动宾分隔

She carries over the shoulder of her leather coat a heavy black purse.

When we pass a big building or see an airplane or a car, we might keep in mind that we are looking at the fruits of man’s labour in this tradition.

It is better for you to take with you whatever you need most anytime.

The critic is he who can translate into another manner or a new material his impression of beautiful things.

3. 系表分隔

He always ate egg-salad sandwiches at his desk. He was, of course, overweight by 20 or 25 pounds. 

English friendships are formed outside the family circle, but they are not, as in Germany, complementary to the family. 

Einstein was, in the eyes of a young friend, a simple, modest and ordinary man.

4. 宾语被宾补分隔

The discovery has made possible new techniques for brain surgery. 

Finally, I dashed down the stairs, pushed open the front door.

He was told to speak briefly; accordingly he cut short his remarks.

5. 定语和被修饰语的分隔

The problem arose of what to do with the money.

I have a picture here of a man who knew the address.

We heard the story from his own lips of how he was stranded for days without food.

The time is coming to prepare for Christmas.

There is no report to us of any accident.

I must try to make as careful a study as I can of the accident.

6. 不定式的分隔

I wish the reader to clearly understand this article.

He was unable, however, to long keep silence.

She did not like to either lie or sit long.

It was evident that he purposed to both charm and astonish my by his appearance.

7. 动词词组的分隔（“不及物动词+介词”固定词组被分隔）

Look carefully at the corrections which I have written in your essay. 

I don't care very much for fruit drinks; I like something that has a kick in it.

I cannot say that I think very highly of your discrimination.

They argued all evening about how to get rid of the noise.

8. 定语从句与先行词的分隔

All are not friends that speak us fair.

It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, when for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.

The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that far-away village.

The days are gone when we Chinese were bullied by the invaders.

The village has developed a lot where we learned farming two years ago.

After graduation she reached a point in her career where she had to decide what to do.

9. 同位语的分隔

There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars that road conditions need to be improved.

Information has been put forward at the meeting that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universitie

The question sometimes comes to my mind whether it was worth the effort.

There is no doubt, in my opinion, that what matters is not one’s looks, but one’s inner thoughts

Mr. Smith left word with his assistant that he had returned to his own country for winter holidays.

10. 主从句的分隔

Although they didn’t like his views, I think, in a way, they liked how he talked. 

If you break the rule, in other words, you will be punished. 

11. 连词或关系词与主语的分隔

Choose the word or phrase that you think is nearest in meaning to the key word.

What you suppose is necessary is unnecessary to me.

Although he was a bit rude to my parents, I didn’t feel angry with him, because, as I said, I like people to be confident in that way.

If, on the other hand, he had been taught the details of the local time system just as he should have been taught the local spoken language, it would have been possible for him to adjust himself accordingly. 

Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much.

Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which, of course, made the others unhappy.

（四）高考分隔现象实例与对策

分隔现象是英语区别于汉语的一个显著特点，因此，该现象可能干扰考生对问题的理解，打断正常的解题思路，造成语意理解方面的障碍，最后做出错误的判断。根据上述分隔现象的规律，结合对高考试题的实际情况，下面针对有关问题做一诊断。

请看下面两道高考题：

1. Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers ________ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. (江西卷)

A. where                   B. when                      C. who                      D. which

【解析】答案为A。where在此引导定语从句，其先行词为cases。一般情况下，定语从句应紧跟在先行词之后，其间不能插入其他成分，但在本题中，定语从句与先行词被分开。若不注意到这一点，此题很容易做错。句意为：在本章的后面部分，我们将为读者介绍一些事例，说明消费者的投诉已经使法律作出了修改。

2. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, ________ New York is an example. (四川卷)

A. for which                B. in which                C. of which               D. from which

【解析】答案为C。of which在此引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词为前面的many cities，of表示所属关系，说明New York是many cities之一。在通常情况，定语从句应紧跟在先行词之后，其间不能插入其他成分，但在本题中，定语从句与先行词也被分开。句意为：对世界上许多城市来说，已经没有进一步发展的空间，纽约就是其中的一个例子。

这两道题均涉及定语从句分隔问题。综观近几年的高考英语单项填空题，有不少所谓的“难题”均与这类分隔现象有一定的关系，希望引起大家的注意。

一、主语和谓语之间的分隔

英语句子的主语和谓语一般都紧密相连，它们之间很少插入介词等比较长的结构。但有时为了避免头重脚轻，保持句子的平衡或者为了语义严密、结构紧凑，在主语和谓语之间也会插入其他成分，从而形成分隔现象。例如：

1. The country life he was used to_______ greatly since 1992. （山东卷）

　A. change   B. has changed  C. changing  D. have changed

　【解析】答案为B。此题中he was used to为定语从句，前面省略了关系代词that，修饰主语the country life，它把主语和谓语分隔开来，致使有的考生误认为在was used to之后选择changing。因为句子的主语the country life后需要谓语动词，所以应选用has changed。

2. Professor smith, along with his assistants, _______ on the project day and night to meet the deadline. （上海卷）

　A. work  B. working  C. is working  D. are working

　【解析】答案为C。句中的along with his assistants是介词短语，分隔了前后的主语和谓语。因主语是Professor smith，所以谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式，跟along with his assistants中的assistants无关。

二、同位语之间的分隔

1. A story goes ________ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court. （上海卷）

A. when   B. where  C. what   D. that

【解析】答案为D。句中的Elizabet I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.是主语a story的同位语。由于该同位语较长而谓语较短，为保持句子平衡，谓语动词goes放在了主语与同位语从句之间，造成同位语从句与主语的分隔。由此得知，引导一个陈述的同位语从句用that。

2. —It’s thirty years since we last met.

—but I still remember the story, believe it or not,________ we got lost on a rainy night.（四川卷）

A. which   B. that  C. what    D. when

【解析】答案为B。此题“the story和其同位语从句that we got lost on a rainy night被插入语believe it or not分隔，在一定程度上影响了考生对句子结构的判断。

三、定语从句和先行词的分隔

1. The film brought the hours back to me _______I was taken good care of in that faraway village.（全国卷）

A. until  B. that   C. when  D. where

【解析】答案为C。此题的主要内容为the film brought the hours back to me，它语义清晰，结构紧凑。如果把when I was taken good care of in that faraway village这样太长的定语紧靠在hours之后，然后才是back to me，那样会造成句子失去平衡，而且把宾语hours与其补足语back to me分隔开来不易理解。同样，由于back to me的分隔，给后面是何种句子的判断造成困难。

2. He is the only one of the students who_______ a winner of scholarship for three years. （上海春）

A. is  B. are   C. have been   D. has been

【解析】答案为D。此句中of the students分隔了先行词the only one和定语从句who has been a winner of scholarship for three years，影响了考生对定语从句的先行词的判断，使得考生很容易错误地把the students作为先行词而误选C选项。

四、连词或关系词与主语间的分隔

1. —Is that the small town you often refer to?

—Right，just the one________ you know I used to work for years. （福建卷）

A. that    B. which   C. where   D. what

【解析】答案为C。此句中的you know为插入语，它把关系副词where和定语从句的主语分隔开来，干扰了考生对句子结构的理解。因为定语从句缺少地点状语，所以应该选择where引导定语从句。

2. We thought there were 35 students in the dining hall,________, in fact, there were 40.（全国卷）

A. while    B. whethe    C. what     D. which

【解析】答案为A。句中in fact是插入语，强调了定语从句的情况，整个句子是“原以为”与“事实上”的并列与对比，因此选择while，表示两者之间的对比。

五、谓语部分的分隔

1. An awful accident________, however, occur the other day.（上海）

A. does   B. did   C. has to    D. had to

【解析】答案为B。 这是一个通过增加助动词而强调谓语的句子。时间状语the other day为过去时间，所以谓语用“did+动词原形”。副词however插入其中，起到了转折和强调的作用。

除此之外，在英语阅读中还会出现动词和宾语之间的分隔、复合宾语内部的分隔、介词与其宾语的分隔、某些词语之间的分隔等。英语的分隔一般遵循“尾重原则”，即应把长而复杂的成分放在句末，以使结构匀称。

为了提高英语句子表达效果，分隔成分在英语句中运用。在解题时，可以把插入语从原文中抽取出来，句子结构不会发生变化。如果插入语过长，可以先跳过这部分，待从整体上把握句意之后再回头看插入部分的内容。虽然插入语会使考生思路被打断，容易分散他们的注意力，但实际上，在这种情况下它对句子结构的理解不造成任何影响。若先把插入语省略掉，句子的结构就清晰了。

（五）试题分隔陷阱分析与测验

1. The girl, as well as the other students, ________ excited at the good news. 

A. was                          B. were                        C. being                       D. be

【分析】有些学生看到students可能会选B。其实 ，正确答案是A。当主语后面跟有 as well as, as much as, with, together with, no less than, along with, like, rather than, no more than, in addition to, but, except, besides, including 等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单复数随主语的单复数而定。由于这些词组造成主语和谓语分隔，致使学生误入陷阱。

请做以下几题(答案均选A)：

(1) No one but her parents ________ she will go abroad for further study.

A. knows                    B. know                       C. is knowing               D. are knowing 

(2) Mary, together with two boys, ________ for having broken the rule.

A. was punished         B. punished                  C. were punished          D. being punished

(3) A library with five thousand books ________ to the nation as a gift.

A. is offered               B. hasn’t decided          C. aren’t decided          D. haven’t decided

(4) The teacher, together with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, ________ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.

A. was                    B. were                           C. had been                    D. would be

2. How long do you think it is ________ she arrived here?

A. when                   B. that                           C. before                        D. since

【分析】面对这道题，许多学生觉得无从下手，很容易误选C。其实正确答案是D。此题是一个主从句，并且是疑问形式，被do you think分隔，这无疑增加了解题难度。这里我们不妨把它变成陈述句，将do you think插入语去掉，则句子就变成了：It is five years since she arrived here. 这样，句子结构就一目了然。这是一个“It is + 一段时间 + since…(自从……以来有多久了)”的句型。请注意区分下面相类似的句型：It will (not) be…before…(要过多久……才/过多久就……)。

3. It was ________ computer games that cost the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lessons.

A. to have played  B. playing         C. played         D. having played

【分析】正确答案为B，本题考查的是强调句型，被强调的成分是句子的主语，由动名词充当。但其被强调句式 It was…that…分隔，增强了试题的迷惑性。这里我们应选动词-ing形式作主语。请看下面相似的例子：

(1) Was it during the second world war ________ he died?

A. that                        B. while                     C. in which                    D. then

(2) ________ helped you work out that difficult maths problem?

A. who did                 B. it was who that       C. who it was that         D. who was it that

第 (1) 题答案为A。是疑问句形式的强调句型，被强调的部分during the second world war 在句中作状语；第 (2) 题答案是D。被强调的疑问词 who 在句中作主语。

4. This is the biggest nature park for milu deer in China ________ they have visited.

A. where                      B. in which                 C. that                    D. which

【分析】解此题的关键在于找准定语从句中的先行词。此题中的先行词应该是park，for milu deer和in China 都是定语修饰park的；又因为visit是及物动词，应有宾语，而where和in which只能作状语，据此可排除；而这里的先行词又是被形容词的最高级所修饰，可排除D，故答案选C。在这里，句中for milu deer和in China 分隔了先行词与它的定语从句，会使人产生错觉，误入陷阱。请看下面类似的例子

(1) The day they were looking forward to________ at last.                 

A. coming                 B. comes                  C. came                      D. come

(2) Do the way you thought of ________ the water clean make any sense?

A. making                  B. to make               C. how to make          D. having made

第 (1) 题答案为C。主句的主语是 The day，其中 they were looking forward to 是一个定语从句；第 (2) 题答案是B。其中you thought of 是一个定语从句，它实际上考查的是短语the way to do sth.的用法。

5. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________, of course, made the others unhappy. 

A. who                       B. which                    C. this                           D. that

【分析】此题中的of course 对很多同学具有迷惑性和干扰性。事实上，答案选B。这是一个含有which 引导的非限制性定语从句的复合句(在非限制性定语从句不能用关系代词that引导)，句中of course是一个插入语，将定语从句和它的先行词分隔开来，从而增加解题难度。分析结构时我们可将其去掉，使句式简化。

6. Is this museum ________ some German friends visited the day before yesterday?

A. which                     B. where                     C. that                         D. the one

【分析】此题很容易误选A或C，把This is看做系表结构，误将 museum 当成定语从句的先行词。其实，this museum是主句的主语，我们只要将句子还原成 This museum is… 就可以看出定语从句缺少了先行词。由此我们可知D是正确答案。做这一类试题时，常常将疑问句还原成陈述句，问题就变得简单了。请看下面类似的例子：

(1) Is this museum ________ his father worked ten years ago?

A. in which                  B. where                   C. that                      D. the one

(2) Is this the museum ________ some German friends visited the day before yesterday? 

A. in which                   B. where                   C. that                     D. the one

第(1)题答案是B。将题干还原成This museum is ________ his father worked ten years ago. 便知，这是一个由where引导的表语从句, 在表语从句中 where不能用“介词 + which”来替换；第(2)题的答案是C。将题干还原成This is the museum ________ some German friends visited the day before yesterday. 便不难看出，句子的主干是 This is the museum，其后是一个定语从句修饰先行词the museum的，所以，应选关系代词that作从句谓语动词visited 的宾语。

7. Generally speaking, ________ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect 

A. when taking           B. when taken         C. when to take             D. when to be take

【分析】此题正确答案为B。考查分词短语作状语的用法，在这道试题中，我们所要填的非谓语动词，其逻辑主语是 the drug，所以用过去分词表被动。但在分词短语后有一插入语 according to the direction分隔，增加了试题的难度。做这一类题目时，要学会抓住句子的主干，去掉枝叶，问题就迎刃而解。试看下面的例题：

(1) Everyone, in our hometown, men and women, old and young, ________ singing and dancing.

A. are fond of             B. enjoys                   C. go in for                  D. take part in

(2) The manager decided to give the job to ________ he believed had a strong sense of duty. 

A. whomever              B. who                       C. whoever                  D. those

(3) John plays football ________, if not better than, David.

A. as well                   B. as good                  C. as well as               D. as good as 

第 (1) 题选B。主语是 everyone，其中 men and women, old and young 为插入语；第 (2) 题选C。he believed 为插入语，把主语和谓语had分隔，whoever既要充当to的宾语，还要充当句子的主语；第 (3) 题选C。这是一个比较句型，if not better than是插入语，也是一个省略形式的比较句型。

8. The news has come from the capital ________ an important meeting is to be held there.

A. where                     B. in which                    C. that                       D. which

【分析】此题很容易误选为A或B，原因是错把capital作为先行词，误选 where 或 in which在定语从句中作状语。而事实上，从句后面已经有状语 there。若选D，则 which 在从句中做何成分？从而可以排除。实际上，这是以that引导的同位语从句，修饰名词the news，选C。因为被has come from the capital 分隔，导致了同位语从句之间的分离，形成了干扰，使人容易误入陷阱。

注意：有些名词性从句与所解释说明的词之间，可能会有词组、短语或别的成分，予以分隔，这就增加了试题的难度。只有识别结构，才能化难为易。请看下面类似的例子：

(1) Information has been put forward ________ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. 

A. while                        B. that                       C. when                      D. as

(2) The question came up at yesterday’s meeting ________ we had enough money for our research.

A. which                       B. if                         C. that                        D. whether

(3) The man will use what he has ________ a camera for his wife.

A. to get                        B. got                       C. had bought              D. buy

第 (1) 题答案是B；第 (2) 题答案为D；第 (3) 题的答案是A，此句中what he has 是一个宾语从句，to get a camera for his wife 作目的状语。不能把空格前的has和选项got 视为完成时态。

9. He didn’t realize the use we ________ the information. 

A. made into              B. made in              C. made of             D. made from

【分析】题干中运用了短语动词 make use of，名词use 作为先行词被分隔提前，作了主句的宾语和定语从句的先行词，而定语从句中的关系代词which或that被省略，因此从句中就仅留下了made of，故此题的正确答案应选C。 

注意：做此类题型的关键，在于将短语动词还原，问题也就迎刃而解。若不抓住这一点，面对这一类题目就会无从下手。试看下面类似的例子：

(1) The lecturer stressed that more attention will be ________ to the serious pollution.

A. had                    B. paid                   C. take                     D. do 

(2) Thank you for the trouble you have ________ to help us.

A. paid                    B. taken                 C. spent                    D. had 

(3) The trouble you have ________ helping us is really great.

A. paid                    B. taken                 C. spent                     D. had

第 (1) 题答案是B。考查的是动词短语pay attention to，名词attention 从其短语中分隔出来，作了句子的主语。第 (2) 题的答案是B。考查的是动词短语搭配 take trouble to do sth，其中 trouble 被分隔出来，作为主句的先行词，其后跟了一个省略了关系代词的定语从句；第(3)题的答案是D。看起来它与第 (2) 题相似，答案却截然不同，很容易让学生误入陷阱。其实这一题考查的是固定搭配：have trouble (in) doing sth. 让学生牢记第 (2) 和第 (3) 这两个不同的句型。

10. Who did Mr. Baker ________ the information?

A. have check          B. have checked         C. have to check        D. have been checking

【分析】这道题很容易被误选为B或C。其实正确答案是A。考查的是句型 have sb. do sth.，即 have sb. check the information。但其中的sb. 就是句中的who，它被提前引起疑问句，因而发生分隔现象，增加了试题的迷惑性。不过我们若将其还原成陈述句，就不再是问题了。请看下面相似的例子：

(1) Who did you ________ your report for tomorrow’s meeting?

A. have typed              B. have it typed         C. have type             D. have it type

(2) Whom do you think he would ________a letter of congratulation to the policeman?

A. have post                 B. have posted        C. have to post         D. have posting

(3) Is this the bike you wish to have ________?

A. repaired it                B. repaired               C. repair                 D. it repaired

第(1)题答案为C。道理和上面的例题一样，考查的是动词短语 have sb. do sth，即 have sb. type the report；第(2)题答案为A；第(3)题答案为B。考查 have sth. done 的用法，其中，you wish to have repaired 是一个省略关系代词 which或that的定语从句。

11. ________ the house Mr. Smith has been broken into?

A. When is it that          B. When has             C. Has                     D. When was

【分析】这道题，学生首先想到了强调句型，于是选A。其实，判断它是不是强调句型，只要将强调句式It be…that/who 去掉，再调整句子的语序，看句子是否通顺或完整，否则就不是强调句型。若将句中的is it that 去掉，题干就变成了When the house Mr. Smith has been broken into，显然此句不成立，所以选A错误。其实正确答案是C。题干中的主语 the house 后面有一个定语从句(which/that) Mr. Smith has，而且这是一个疑问句，句子的主语和谓语被定语从句分隔，从而增加了解题的难度。若将修饰主语后的定语从句拿掉，句子就变成了：Has the house been broken into? 这样，哪个选项正确就一目了然了。做这一类试题时，着重在于分析句子，去掉枝叶，抓住主干。请看将上面的例题稍做改动后的例子：

________ the house Mr. Smith has broken into?

A. When was that        B. When has                 C. Has                    D. When was

答案选D。此句是一个含有定语从句Mr. Smith has的特殊疑问句。

12. He went there to call on an old friend of his and ________ there for a few days.

A. to stay                     B. stay                    C. left                   D. stayed 

【分析】本题很容易被误选为A或者B。认为 and 连接的是 call on 和 stay 两个并列的不定式。其实，正确答案是D。and连接的是went there 和stayed 两个动词短语。做这一类题目时，让学生一定要分清结构，以免误入陷阱。请做以下两题：

(1) They would rather spend time ________ than ________ in the street.

A. read; wander                                     B. reading; wandering 

C. in reading; to wander                        D. reading; wander

(2) As far as I know, he spends at least as much time watching tv as he ________. 

A. does writing              B. writes                C. writing                   D. does to write    

第(1)题的答案为D。考查的是句型 would rather do sth. than do sth 的用法，其中这个句型连接的是spend time reading和wander in the street 两个动词短语；第(2)题的答案是A。考查的是 spend time (in) doing sth.句型在比较句型 as…as 中的用法，其中 does 是替代前面所出现的动词spend。

1. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, ________ visiting a museum when the fire broke out.

　A. was        B. were      C. had been   D. would be

2. Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, _______ in the clothing industry.

A. is working   B. works     C. work         D. worked

3. —Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, ________ to go to university.

　—So do I.

　A. hope         B. hopes     C. hoping      D. hoped

4. We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks_____ so small that a day is unimportant.

　A. is             B. are        C. has been    D. have been

5. John left word with my secretary_____ he would call again in the afternoon.

　A. who          B. that        C. as          D. which

6. A fast food restaurant is the place________, just as the name suggests, eating is done quickly.

　 A. which         B. what   C. there         D. where

7. We all know that,________, the situation will get worse.

　A. not if dealt carefully with    B. not if carefully dealt with 

C. if dealt not carefully with    D. if not carefully dealt with

8. The number of the people present, as we had expected,_________ very large.

　A. was          B. were       C. is             D. are

9. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at________ I thought was a dangerous speed.

　A. as            B. which      C. what         D. that

10. What we used to think_________ impossible now does seem possible.

　　A. is          B. was        C. has been     D. will be

11. The film brought the hours back to me__________I was taken good care of in that far-away village.

A. until         B. that        C. when         D. where

12. Jim plays football_________, if not better than, Mike.

　 A. as well       B. as well as    C. so well       D. so well as

13. He told me the news_________, believe it or not, he had earned $1, 000 in a single day.

　 A. that          B. which       C. as           D. because

14. He ran as fast as he could________ the bus.

　 A. catch         B. to catch      C. catching    D. caught

15. An idea suddenly occurred to me__________I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.

　 A. if            B. when        C. that         D. which

16. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,________, of course, made the others envy him.

　 A. who          B. that         C. what         D. which

17. The young man made another wonderful discovery, __________of great importance to science.

　 A. which I think is             B. which I think it is

　 C. which I think it             D. I think which is

18. John is the only one of the students who________ good at French.

　 A. is            B. are         C. have been    D. were

19. Information has become known ________more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.

　 A. while         B. that        C. when          D. as

20. He arrived in New York in 1896,_________, some time later, he became an actor.

　 A. when         B. where       C. that           D. which

答案: 1-5 ACBAB  6-10 DDACB  11-15 CBABC  16-20 DAABB