The Republican Party is hoping that its recently passed tax bill will improve its favorability and help its standing going into the 2018 midterms.

请问是这是什么成分？

【答】going into the 2018 midterms：现在分词短语作定语，修饰its standing（它的任职资格）。汉语把定语译成“宾补”，主要考虑到句子的匀称以及汉语习惯。

我的翻译：共和党希望刚刚过去的税务账单能够提高他们的好感度并且帮助他们的声望进入2018年的期中选举。

请问我这么翻译对吗？我感觉有点儿怪怪的。

【答】我重译一次：

【翻译】共和党希望，其最近通过的税收法案将提高其公众好感度，并有助于它的任职资格位进入2018的中期任期。

关键词：favorability  公众好感度； standing  任职资格；midterms  中期任期。

Rivals have been fighting in the Central African Republic since 2013. In the chaos the school teachers have quietly disappeared so now parents are going through crash courses to replace them.

to replace them是目的状语or定语？

【答】作目的状语。看翻译便知：

【翻译】自2013以来，在中非共和国，竞争对手们一直在争斗。在混乱中，学校的老师已悄然消失了，所以现在家长们正在通过速成班来取代他们。

注：家长参加速成班学知识，目的是取代老师的身份。逻辑主语是parents，非crash courses。

A top UN official told senior North Korean figures there was an "urgent need" to keep channels open to avoid the risk of war, the organization says.

这个句子跟上一个句子是一样的吧？

【答】不一样。to keep channels open to avoid the risk of war, the organization says，作定语修饰urgent need，不是目的状语。因为该句是个“存在句”表状态，注意：表状态的句子，不定式无法作目的状语。又如：There is a plan to go camping. I have a good idea to open the door. 以上两句中的不定式都是作定语。这是两个表状态的句子，不定式无法作目的状语。

By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of religious drama and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.

under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.是整个句子的状语“在经典悲剧喜剧的刺激之下，欧洲正在见证......”

还是修饰名词new forms的定语“见证一场宗教喜戏剧的消逝和经典悲剧喜剧的刺激之下新形势的 创造”

【答】是后者，是作定语修饰new forms。状语是修饰谓语动词的，因为作状语的话，它修饰was witnessing 讲不通。“见证”是不需要“条件”的。