She came along with her baby on the / her back.
你的句子只可以用 her,不可以用 the。原因是:涉及身体部位时,若要用定冠词代替物主代词,必须具备两个条件:一是涉及打击、摸拍、疼痛等动词,二是必须位于介词短语中。如:
He hit me in the face.
He was wounded in the leg.
He patted me on the back
但你的句子虽然是用于介词短语中,但不属于打击、摸拍、疼痛等动词,所以不能用定冠词。