原句:Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all.
文摘上讲, 以上句子等价于:If I know anything about it, I will tell you all.
请问这是等价转换吗?
原句的含义是 knowing 和谓语 will tell 没有时间间隔,至少在一个点时间上是同时的。
转换后的句子可以有时间间隔,可否转换成 As soon as I know anything about it, I will tell you all. 或:On knowing anything about it, I will tell you all.
请老师解答。非常感谢!
Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all.
【答】凭我的语感和直觉,这个句子是错的!
至于原因,我过会儿补充。眼下,主要是太忙了。
下面这个句子,更是错误:
Buying a lot of books for the exam, he failed in it because of the learning method.
语言不是文字游戏,不可随心所欲地表达。buy 怎么能用现在分词呢?
【理由如下】
表示“感知类、认知类”意义的动词,例如 see, consider, realize, know, find, think等,不是不可以使用现在分词,而是不能用来表示“条件”。这类动词的现在分词,一般表示“原因”,可译为“因为,由于,鉴于”等。
这些动词的现在分词表示“原因”,不表示“条件”,原因在于:这些 “感知和认知动词”的现在分词, 表示“已经认识到、感觉到某种客观情形的存在”。如果表示未来的“条件”,则使用条件从句表达。
网友的句子如果改为:Knowing nothing about it, I can't tell you anything. 就OK了。
因为对此一无所知,所以我无可奉告。
感知类、认知类动词表示“原因”的更多例句:
1. Knowing that danger threatened, they were on the alert.
因为知道可能会发生危险,他们处于戒备状态。
《21世纪大英汉词典》
2. He fumbled his lines, not knowing what he was going to say.
他因为不知道接下来要说什么而把台词给念砸了。
来自柯林斯词典
3. Seeing (that) the weather was not fine, we stayed at home. 由于天气不好,我们就待在家里了。
来自词典例句
4. Considering (that) he has only just started, he knows quite a lot about it. 鉴于他才刚刚开始,他懂的已经不少了。
来自词典例句
5. Not knowing which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.
由于不知道上哪所大学,这个女孩向她的老师请教。
6. Finding the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.
因为发现这门课很难,她决定降到一个较低的水平。
7. Seeing that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed.
因看到她要睡觉了,我问她是否喜欢她床上的那个小洋娃娃。
8. Not realizing that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.
埃里克因为没有意识到自己处于危险之中,所以就深入到森林里。
(以上4句选择“全国高考试题”)
【说明】上述例句中的seeing, considering 等现在分词,现在已变成“原因连词”的用法了,甚至有的词典已经收在连词条目下。我预测:不久的将来,knowing 也有可能成为“原因连词”。就像现在分词的including,现已变成介词了。
【与曹老师讨论】
Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all.
我认为,这个句子错误。错就错在用了Knowing anything about it 表示“条件”。我可以通过逻辑分析,说明这个问题:“条件和结果”,都是表示未曾实现的概念,尤其当主句谓语动词表示将来时。只有改为原因,才能讲得通:
Knowing nothing about it, I can't tell you anything.
因为对此一无所知,所以我无可奉告。
英语中,表示“感知、认知”意义的意识类动词,使用分词的一般式,相当于完成式的意义,两者表达相同的意思,都表示已经认识到、感觉到某种客观情形的存在。这是因为:“思想”决定“行动”,意识在先,行动在后,这是客观规律。所以,意识类动词的现在分词表示的动作,已经发生存在,而且早于谓语动词。因此,它无法表示将来的条件,而表示原因则是非常自然的、合情合理的,因为原因总是在先的。迄今为止,我尚未见到表示条件的任何例句。表示原因的则是比比皆是。曹老师若能提供表条件的例句,最好。
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Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all.
我觉得这个分词短语用了非肯定词anything,是可以作条件状语的。非肯定词用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。这个句子在意义上等于:Not knowing anything about it, I can't tell you now. 由于条件有可能实现,有可能实现不了,具有不确定性,因此使用非肯定词anything,同时由此判断这是分词作条件状语而不是时间或原因状语。knowing是个静态动词,没有结束意义,因此不存在时间间隔问题,knowing作状语,总是和谓语动词动作或状态具有同时性。
on doing sth作状语表示时间,通常doing为动态动词,大致等于as soon as引导的时间状语从句。如果这样的话,则应该使用肯定词something,而不是anything。因此这个句子不能用时间状语从句来诠释。
网友不妨将这个分词改为hearing,这样更好理解。
Buying a lot of books for the exam, he failed in it because of the learning method.
= Although he had bought a lot of books for the exam, he failed in it because of the learning method.
这个句子的buying作状语是个严重语法错误。倒不是buy的分词不能作状语,而是buying和failed之间根本不具时间上的同时性,使用现在分词doing形式作状语是原则错误。如果将buying改为静态动词have的现在分词having作状语,则没有问题。从作者改写的让步状语从句可以看出,该作者对分词doing形式作状语所要求的同时性是无知的。从句的完成体明确表示buy的动作先于谓语动词,怎么可以用buying作状语呢?
另外,the learning method应改为his poor learning method。
建议网友通过这个讨论注意三个问题:
1 静态动词没有结束意义,静态动词的现在分词总是和谓语动作具有同时性。
2 动态动词的现在分词如果和谓语动作是前后衔接的动作,用doing形式是完全可以的,但如果分词的动作明显先于谓语动作即已经结束,二者之间有明显的时间间隔,则分词应改为完成体having done的形式。
3 注意肯定词、非肯定词的使用场合。
另外,buy的现在分词作状语的例句:
Buying something in the shop, she met her old friend Mary.
回复刘老师
首先感谢刘老师。确实语料库中找不到knowing之类动词的现在分词作条件状语的例句。现在我同意您的观点:表示感知、认知之类语义的意识类动词的现在分词不能作条件状语。这类动词的现在分词作状语,最常见的是原因状语,但也可以作让步状语、结果状语、方式状语等。例如:
Knowing it's dangerous, he continued doing it. 让步状语。
He has read all the related papers, thus knowing what he should do next. 结果状语。
He talked as if knowing all about it. 方式状语
如果仔细分析,表示关系have,hold, contain等动词的现在分词也不能作条件状语。如果要表示条件,则只能用条件状语从句。
因此,我推测,所有静态动词的现在分词都不可以作条件状语,而不仅仅是表示感知、认知等意识类动词。理由是,英语的静态动词表示状态,本身不包含起始和终结意义。一旦用了现在分词doing形式,则意味着该状态在谓语时间已经存在着,该状态的开始和结束不在考虑之列,因此不可能表示条件意义。
迄今为止好像没有语法书有这方面的论述。刘老师可以写一篇论文填补这个空白。不过我建议不要限于意识类动词,可以扩大到静态动词。另外关于此类动词的doing形式等于完成体的说法似乎欠妥,因为静态动词如果不与持续时间状语连用表示状态的持续时间时,是不用完成体的(静态动词没有结束意义)。
向刘老师致敬。
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原句:Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all.
文摘上讲, 以上句子等价于:
If I know anything about it, I will tell you all.(这个句子是正确的)
请问这是等价转换吗?
原句的含义是 knowing 和谓语 will tell 没有时间间隔,至少在一个点时间上是同时的。
转换后的句子可以有时间间隔,
可否转换成
As soon as I know anything about it, I will tell you all. (从句作时间状语)
On knowing anything about it, I will tell you all.(介词+动名词构成介词短语作时间状语从句)
解答如下:
以上为现在分词作条件状语,形式不同,但是和从句表达意义完全一样。
Using your head, you will find a way.
=If you use your head, you will find a way.
Working hard, you’ll succeed.
= If you work hard, you’ll succeed.
Walking ahead, you will see a white house.
=If you walk ahead, you will see a white house
现在分词作状语,作用相当于一个状语从句,常常用来表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况、方式、结果、等
【1】现在分词作状语表示时间
(1) Arriving at the station, I found my sister there.
=when I arrived at the station, I found my sister there.
(2) Having done the work, he went home.
=After he had done/did the work, he went home.
【2】现在分词作原因状语
(1) Living in the village, I could make friends with the villagers.
= Because I lived in the village, I could make friends with the villagers.
(2)Not knowing where to go, he wandered along the streets.
=Because he didn’t know where to go, he wandered along the streets.
备注:being +形容词或名词也可做原因状语。
(1)Being ill, he didn’t go to school. = Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school.
(2)Being a student, you should study hard.=Because you are a student,you should …
【3】现在分词作条件状语。
(1)Using your head, you will find a way. =If you use your head, you will find a way.
(2)Working hard, you’ll succeed. = If you work hard, you’ll succeed.
(3)Walking ahead, you will see a white house.=If you walk ahead, you will see a white house
【4】现在分词作伴随状语.
(1)He sat on the sofa, watching TV. =He sat on the sofa, and watched TV.
(2)They went into the classroom, laughing
=They went into the classroom, and laughed
【5】现在分词作方式状语。
He came running back to tell me the news.
He stood leaning against(斜靠着) the wall
【6】现在分词作结果状语
Her mother died in 1990, leaving her with her younger brother.
The song is sung all over the country, making it the most popular song.
三 根据A句完成B句,使两句意思不变。
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