without 

(1)介词缺乏；没有;不用 (英文解释You use without to indicate that someone or something does not have or use the thing mentioned.）  

I don't like myself without a beard.

我不喜欢自己没胡子的样子。

She wore a brown shirt pressed without a wrinkle. 

她穿着一件熨烫得没有一点儿褶儿的棕色衬衫。

a meal without barbecue sauce. 

没有烧烤酱的一顿饭

(2)介词在没有(发生或做某事)的情况下（英文解释 If one thing happens without another thing, or if you do something without doing something else, the second thing does not happen or occur. ） 

He was offered a generous pension provided he left without a fuss.

他如果一声不吭地离开，就会获得一笔丰厚的养老金。

They worked without a break until about eight in the evening.

他们一刻不停地干到晚上8点钟左右。

Alex had done this without consulting her. 

亚历克斯这么做事先并没有跟她商量。

(3)介词没有，不带(某种感情) （英文解释：If you do something without a particular feeling, you do not have that feeling when you do it.）  

Janet Magnusson watched his approach without enthusiasm.

珍妮特·马格努森冷冷地看着他走过来。

'Hello, Swanson,' he said without surprise. 

“你好，斯旺森。”他说话的时候并未显得惊讶。

(4)介词…不在场;没有…参加（英文解释 If you do something without someone else, they are not in the same place as you are or are not involved in the same action as you.）  

I told Franklin he would have to start dinner without me.

我告诉富兰克林吃晚饭不必等我。

How can I rebuild my life without my husband?.

失去丈夫后我怎么才能重新开始生活？

We would never go anywhere without you. 

没有你我们会一事无成。

beyond

(1)介词在…的另一边；在…那一边 If something is beyond a place or barrier, it is on the other side of it.  

They heard footsteps in the main room, beyond a door.

他们听见门外的大厅里有脚步声。

On his right was a thriving vegetable garden and beyond it a small orchard of apple trees. 

他右边是一个生机勃勃的菜园，菜园的另一边是一个小小的苹果园。

Beyond is also an adverb. 

The house had a fabulous view out to the Strait of Georgia and the Rockies beyond. 

在这座房子里能看到乔治亚海峡和海峡那边落基山脉的壮美风景。

the need to defend itself against its enemies inside its borders and beyond. 抵御国内外敌人的需要

(2)介词超过，迟于（某个时间）；逾（期） If something happens beyond a particular time or date, it continues after that time or date has passed.  

Few jockeys continue race-riding beyond the age of 40.

很少有职业赛马骑师超过40岁仍继续参加赛马的。

You may be entitled to Child Benefit if a child continues getting full-time education beyond the date already notified by you. 

如果小孩接受全日制教育的时间超过了您已告知我们的那个期限，您就有权申请儿童补助金。

Beyond is also an adverb. 

The financing of home ownership will continue through the 1990s and beyond. 购房贷款政策将会延续到20世纪90年代及以后。

(3)介词影响；涵盖；包括 If something extends beyond a particular thing, it affects or includes other things.  

His interests extended beyond the fine arts to international politics and philosophy. 

他兴趣广泛，涵盖了从美术到国际政治乃至哲学的各个领域。

(4)介词除了…；除…之外 You use beyond to introduce an exception to what you are saying.  

He appears to have almost no personal staff, beyond a secretary who can't make coffee

 除了一个不会冲咖啡的秘书之外，他好像几乎没有什么随身的工作人员。

I knew nothing beyond a few random facts. 

除了一些零星的情况外，我什么也不知道。

(5)介词超出，超过（某个点或阶段） If something goes beyond a particular point or stage, it progresses or increases so that it passes that point or stage.  

Their five-year relationship was strained beyond breaking point.

他们五年的关系已经紧张到无法维系。

It seems to me he's beyond caring about what anybody does. 

在我看来，他不关心别人做什么。

(6)介词无法（理解、相信等） If something is, for example, beyond understanding or beyond belief, it is so extreme in some way that it cannot be understood or believed.  

What Jock had done was beyond my comprehension.

我无法理解乔克的所作所为。

Sweden is lovely in summer — cold beyond belief in winter.

瑞典的夏天非常宜人——冬天却冷得让人难以置信。

But by the year 2020 business computing will have changed beyond recognition. 

但是到了2020年，商业计算会变得面目全非。

(7)介词非…能力所及；超出…的能力 If you say that something is beyond someone, you mean that they cannot deal with it.  

Although he could give her sympathy, any practical help would almost certainly be beyond him.

虽然他可以对她表示同情，但是他几乎根本无法提供任何实际的帮助。

The situation was beyond her control. 

局势并非她能控制。

    beyond 与 without 都可以作介词、副词、名词。但是，具体用法并不相同。

    作介词时：beyond  的意思是“在（向）...... 的那一边”，“（时间、年龄、期待等）超过”，“（能力、程度）超出”，“（用于否定句、疑问句）除 ...... 之外”。 without 的意思是“无......，缺......，没有......”；“不......，没有......”；“若无......，如果没有......（表示条件）”，“（古）在......的外面”。

    作副词时：beyond 的意思是“在更远处”； without 的意思是“（古）在外面，在外部，在外侧，在户外”；“（主英）在没有的情况下”。

    作名词时：beyond 的意思是“更远处”；without 的意思是“外部，外侧”。

一、beyond作介词用时，使用最广，常用于下列几种情况： 

1.表示位置，意思是“在……的那一边；在……之外；在更远处”。例如： 

Beyond the river stood a power station．过了这条河就是一个发电站。 

The sea is beyond that hill．大海。 

2.表示时间，其意为“迟于；超过”。例如： 

Some shops keep open beyond midnight?有些商店营业到半夜以后。 

He never sees beyond the present．他从未看到将来。 

3.表示范围、水平、限度、能力等，意思是“超出；多于；为……所不能及”。在句中常作表语、定语或状语。 

①作表语 

Your work is beyond all praise．你的作品叫人赞扬不尽。 

②作定语 

These were matters beyond his understanding as yet．这些事情他那时候还不了解。 

③作状语 

We succeeded beyond our hopes．我们获得如此之成功，是我们始料所不及的。 

She was really touched beyond words．她确实感动得无法形容。 

4.用在否定和疑问句中，意思是“除……之外”。例如： 

I know nothing beyond what he told me．除了他告诉我的以外，别的我都不知道。 

Is there anything more you can say beyond that？除了那点之外，你还能说些什么吗？ 

5.beyond有时还可表示年龄或数量，意思是“超过”。例如： 

He  believe in people living beyond 100．他不相信人能以上。 

At the meeting there were not beyond 20 people．到会的人不超过二十。 

二、beyond也常作副词用，主要有下面两种用法： 

1.指时空或正在进行中的活动，意思是“在远处；向远处；更远处”。例如： 

If we cross the mountains we may find people living in the valley beyond．如果我们翻过这些大山，我们就可以发现在远处山谷中生活的人们。 

I'll go with you to the bridge，but not a step beyond．我愿意同你一道走到桥头，但再远的地方一步也不愿意去。 

2.表示外加，意思是“此外；以外”。例如： 

He told me nothing beyond．此外他没告诉我什么。 

三、beyond也可作名词用，常有下面三种情况： 

1.指“远处的东西”。例如： 

That is a river for small boats expending 30miles back into the beyond．那是一条小船能上行30英里的河流。 

2.表示超出普通经验范围的某种事物。例如： 

What can we poor human beings know of the great beyond？我们可怜的人类能知道来世的什么情况呢？ 

3.表示远处的性质或状态。例如： 

His dream of beyond was forgotten in the actual life．他的不着边际的梦想被现实生活所吞没。

without的语法：

（表否定）没有，无，不需。如：

We got there without any trouble. 我们到了那儿，一路上没遇到任何麻烦。

（用在no, not, never等否定副词之后，强调肯定）没有……不，没有……则不能……每……必定……。如：

The old man cannot walk without a stick. 那位老先生离开手杖就走不了路。

（与-ing形式连用）不，无，没。如：

It wasn't very polite of you to serve yourself without asking. 你也不问一声就自己吃起来是不太礼貌的。

（表条件）若无，若非。如：

Without water, we cannot live. 没有水，我们就活不了。