请教刘老师:
I’ve got a place to live.
I haven't got a fridge in my room to put food and drink in.
这两个不定式和名词之间都是动宾关系,问什么一个加 in, 一个不加 in?
刘老师休息了。我替他回答。
不定式作定语可以视为定语从句的简略形式,即省略了关系副词that或关系代词,再省略了和主句相同的主语和be.首先看一下定语从句。
I've got a place (that) (I am) to live.
先行词为表示地点的名词时,只有place一个词可以由关系副词that引导定语从句。其它地点名词必须使用where或介词+which在从句作地点状语。上句省略关系副词that,再省略定语从句的主语和be, 就得到I’ve got a place to live
如果用in which 引导这个定语从句,则比较正式,这时which不可省略:
I've got a place in which (I am) to live.
现在我们省略从句的主语和be, 得到I've got a place in which to live.(正式语体)
I haven't got a fridge in my room (which) (I am) to put food and drink in
I haven't got a fridge in my room in which (I am) to put food and drink.
这个句子的先行词是fridge,不能用关系副词that引导从句,只能用where或关系代词加介词引导从句。以上二句是介词加关系代词引导定语从句,介词短语作地点状语。第一句介词留在句末,为非正式用法,关系代词可以省略。这时如果省略关系代词,再省略主语和be,就得不定式作定语的句子:
I haven't got a fridge in my room to put food and drink in.
第二句介词+关系代词在从句之首,为正式用法,which不可省略,只省略主语和be,得到:
I haven't got a fridge in my room in which to put food and drink.(正式)
由此可知,不定式作定语表示动状关系(地点状语)被修饰名词只能是place这一个词。其它地点名词被不定式修饰表示动状关系时,介词是不能省略的。
例如:This is a nice chair to sit on.
刘老师可能会觉得我说的很罗嗦。但这是其中的道理。不定式是否保留介词和关系副词that的使用有直接关系。
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如果作定语的动词不定式与其修饰的名词之间存在动宾关系,则动词不定式后面是不能加介词的。例如:Have you anything to declare ? 你有什么要申报的吗?I have letters to write. 我有许多信要写。 New York's a nice place to visit. 纽约是个游览的好地方。
但是,在你提供的两个句子中,作定语的动词不定式与其修饰的名词之间不存在动宾关系,而是介宾关系:I’ve got a place to live.(不能说 live a place,可以说 live in a place,所以to live 和 a place不是动宾关系)I haven't got a fridge in my room to put food and drink in.(to put 和 food and drink是动宾关系,但是和 a fridge 不是动宾关系)
如果作定语的动词不定式所修饰的名词是该不定式所表示的动作需要的工具或者地点,一般应该在该不定式后面使用适当的介词。但是,place, day, way 和 time 后面作定语的不定式后面的介词可以保留或者省略。例如:
I’ve got a place to live. 也可以说:I’ve got a place to live in .
a pen to write with
a table to write on
a piece of paper to write on
a table to sit down at
an office to work in
a stool to sit on
a child to look after
a nice man to work with
nothing else to write with