名词性从句还是定语从句(that还是what)

牛津必修1课文原句:I found that the homework was not as heavy as what I used to get in my old school. 

请教各位老师,这句话中what引导的名词性从句能否替换成that i used to get in my old school. 我的思路是用 that 指代上文的 the homework, I used to get 作为定语从句修饰先行词 that, 省略了关系词,请问这种思路是否可行?遇到一条单选题,设置时出题人给了 what 和 that 两个选项,非常迷惑,请指教! 


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最佳答案 2017-09-23 23:04

I found that the homework was not as heavy as what I used to get in my old school. 

解答:基本同意小白网友的解答,但从句补全时,不应再有heavy。因为as引导比较状语从句时和than一样,是个副词或代词,必须在从句中作成分。本句中as是代词,在从句中作表语,从句省略了系词is。正如我们可以说Tom is as tall as John (is). 但不可以说Tom is as tall as John is tall. as已经做了表语,没有位置留给tall了。

我不大不同意刘老师的解答。

1 what作为特殊关系代词引导名次性从句是,本身相当于一个特指的先行词+关系代词,通常被解释为=the thing which. 需要注意的是,the thing可以是含糊未说明的,也可以是前文提到的名词,后一情况下,what接等于the +前文提及的名词+which。

COCA语料库有很多类似例句,我仅举二句:

Think about a time when you received a low grade on an important exam, significantly lower than what you usually get. 虽然you通常可以得到各种各样的东西,但在这个上下文中,显然what指的是the grade which, 不可能产生歧义,也没有逻辑问题。

Furthermore, there is no literature addressing longer spray times or closer spray distances than what is currently recommended by the manufacturer. 显然,这里的what=the spray time or spray distance which. 不存在逻辑问题,也没有歧义。

因此,刘老师根据what=the thing(s) which, 又推测we used to get in my old school不止homework, 判断what在此句中的使用属于不符合逻辑。从上述语料库例句的分析可知,这种判断是有失偏颇的,因为刘老师忽略了what中的the thing可能受上下文的约束而仅指前文提及的名词。

所以,原句中what的使用不仅语法没错,逻辑也没有问题。我们不能轻易否定牛津教材的句子的正确性。

2 相反,如果将what改为that,不仅不可以,而且完全不可以。因为改为that后,that是指示代词,替代前面出现过的名词homework,但又需要限制性定语从句修饰。虽然限制性定语从句中,关系代词做宾语可以省略,但当先行词为指示代词that的时候,关系代词which是不能省略的,以免误解。不知刘老师是否能从语料库找到指示代词that后接定语从句而省略关系代词的例句,我认为这样的例句不存在。因此,本句中的what不可被that替换,替换后是个错误的句子。不过,what可以删去不用,as直接在从句中作宾语。有what时,从句是主系表结构,不用what时,从句是主谓宾状结构。如下句:

I found that the homework was not as heavy as I used to get in my old school. 

3 至于what从句和that从句的区别与此问题无关,网友似乎对此有所了解,不必讨论。

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其它 2 个回答

刘永科   - 教育出版集团英语总顾问 & 英语系列图书主编
擅长:语法理论,语言学,文化背景

牛津必修1课文原句:I found that the homework was not as heavy as what I used to get in my old school. 

请教各位老师,这句话中what引导的名词性从句能否替换成that i used to get in my old school. 我的思路是用 that 指代上文的 the homework, I used to get 作为定语从句修饰先行词 that, 省略了关系词,请问这种思路是否可行?遇到一条单选题,设置时出题人给了 what 和 that 两个选项,非常迷惑,请指教! 

【答】你的这个提问,可能涉及三个问题:

1. 牛津课本这个句子对不对:I found that the homework was not as heavy as what I used to get in my old school. 

2. 把上句的what改为that可以不可以。

3. 其他语境中的单选题,what 和 that 两个选项,怎么选择。

我分别解答如下:

1. 牛津课本这个句子,我认为:语法没问题,但存在逻辑错误,导致表意不准确。分析如下:what 叫作复合关系代词或者复合连接代词,它身兼两职:它的作用既是先行词又是关系代词,what = the things that。所以说,本句使用what I used to get in my old school语法没错,但是,在语义上有问题。我们知道,两个事物比较时,必须是相同的事物、对等的事物。例如,我们不能说:

My dress is as beautiful as Mary. 应把Mary改为:Mary’s 或者Mary’s dress,或者that of Mary。

然而,牛津课本这个句子,把homework跟what I used to get比较,显然不恰当!homework仅是学生学习生活的部分作业,而what I used to get表示更大更多的内容,设想一下,在学校里,what I get意味着什么?它难道仅仅是homework吗?

2. 把上句的what改为that,不但可以,而且完全可以,甚至比what更好。这是因为:that可以指代前文提及的同类事物,以避免重复。与之相比较的词语是the homework,为了避免重复the homework,我们使用that代替。而I used to get in my old school是定语从句,修饰that。

【注】代词that后面的修饰语,常用介词短语或定语从句。例如:

(1)The train's average speed was no better than that of our bicycles.  火车的平均速度比我们骑自行车的速度快不了多少。

来自柯林斯例句

(2)The true cost often differs from that which had first been projected. 实际成本经常与最初计划的有所不同。

来自柯林斯例句

3. 关于其他语境中的单选题,what 和 that 两个选项,怎么选择。

——这要具体问题具体分析。选择what或that填空,以下两句就是很典型的例子:

1. He always does less than _______ has been required from him. (what)

2. Our price is much lower than _______ in the international market. (that)

 

 


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h6934

小白试着解答一下:

that the homework was not as heavy as what I used to get in my old school. 是个名词从句,也是一个比较句子。后面的what分解后可看成“the homework that(which)”。所以这里是有两个homework的。你不能把后面的what换成that来指代前一个homework。因为根据句意前一个homework应该已经有个默认的从句来修饰它了(that i got in my new school)

而且that是关系词“the homework”才叫先行词。

顺便说一下:比较句子比较的是两个句子前一个as为程度副词修饰heavy后一个as作为副词从句连接词引导后面的副词从句,所以后面句子的完整模式应该是 what I used to get in my old school was heavy.“was heavy”与主句重复所以省略了。

不过本人非英语专业人士,若有错误还请多多指正。

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  • wyn2009new 提出于 2017-09-13 06:09

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