Miles also tried to teach Chantek more virtuous habits such as saving and sharing. Indeed, when I caught up with the orangutan at Zoo Atlanta,where he now lives, I saw an example of sharing that anyone might envy. 摘自Eugene Linden《 What Animals Really Think》
译文:迈尔斯还试图教会夏特克(黑猩猩)一些好习惯,诸如节俭和与人分享。当我在它目前居住的亚特兰大动物园见到这头猩猩时,我果然见到它与人分享的一例,足以令任何人羡慕。
提问:
根据译文我才得知,粗体句子中简单连词that引导的是结果状语从句。请问老师,当连词that的先行词是名词或名词短语时,例如本句中 的an example of sharing,怎么判断that引导的是定语从句还是结果或目的状语从句?
此外,用that 引导目的状语从句,和so that/ in order that引导的目的状语从句有何区别呢?
谢谢老师!
首先,这个例句中的that anyone might envy不是一个状语从句,而是关系从句,修饰an example of sharing。下面是Oxford Dictionary of English中的例句:a lifestyle which most of us would envy
原话想表达的是猩猩的分享行为令人羡慕,不是我看见这件事令人羡慕。envy是一个及物动词,假如that anyone might envy是一个状语从句,那么envy之后不能什么都没有。
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然后,只由that引导的从句的确是可以作状语从句的,但这是一种比较古旧的用法,只用来表达目的,而非结果,并且句中必须有might等情态动词。下面是The Life of Samuel Johnson中的一个例句:
He remembered, ......, and that it might be the better fixed in his memory, she sent him to repeat it to Thomas Jackson, their manservant.
参见The Cambridge Grammar p.728
当一个从句被that引导时,很有可能被误读:它是定语从句还是状语从句?如你问题中的句子: I saw an example of sharing that anyone might envy.——因为that既可以引导定语从句,充当从句的主语、宾语或表语;也可以引导程度状语从句。
判断的方法,不能看原文翻译如何,因为翻译有时候是不准确的。我提供两种办法,供你区别时参考:
一、【逻辑区别】that引导结果状语从句时,其主句必然有“表示程度”的成分。例如,主句有such,so之类的词语,表示主句的意义达到了某种程度,才有了that从句所表示的结果,这就为结果状语从句提供了逻辑基础。否则,that从句有可能是定语从句,你的句子中,主句部分并没有表示程度的词语:I saw an example of sharing。
以下句子,that从句都是结果状语从句:
He drove so carelessly that he almost lost his life.他开车太粗心了,差点丧了命。
He made so many mistakes that he failed the exam once again. 他出了这么多错,考试又没及格。
He got so little money that his family had to live on welfare money. 他工资很少,他的家人不得不靠救济金生活。
It was such a terrible day that none of us would find an excuse for going out to play. 天气太糟了,我们没有任何理由出去玩了。
They are such good children that we all love them. 这些孩子如此好,我们都喜欢他们。
This was such fine music that it was worth listening to twice. 这音乐太好了,值得听两遍。
二、【结构区别】在so/such...that...引导的结果状语从句中,that在从句中是不作任何成分的,而定语从句的that是作成分的。要注意区别状语从句和定语从句——这两种不同的结构。试比较:
They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to approach their house. 他们家有一条如此凶恶的狗,没人敢靠近他们的家。(结果状语从句:that在句中不作成分。)
They had a fierce dog that no one dared to approach. 他们家有一条凶恶的没人敢靠近的狗。(定语从句:that在句中作宾语。)
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