为你解答如下：

My answer to your question is as follows:

(1)附加状语(adjuncts)修饰谓语形容词副词等状语。

(2)下加状语(subjuncts)起一个附加补充性作用状语。

(2)外加状语(disjuncts)陈述说话人观点看法状语。

(4)连加状语(conjuncts)起连接，衔接，过渡性作用状语。

以上4种状语分类都是现代英语“语法术语”可以翻译/转换下面4种与之对应传统英语“语法术语”

(1)修饰性状语(adjuncts):修饰谓语形容词副词等状语。

(2)次修饰状语(subjuncts)：起一个附加补充性作用状语。

(2)评注性/评论性状语(disjuncts)：陈述说话人观点看法状语。

(4)连接性状语(conjuncts):起连接，衔接，过渡性作用状语。

【1】首先要搞清楚什么是状语。状语成分是句子里最复杂的一个成分，在句子中位置相当灵活，可句首，句中，句尾。可以有逗号和其他成分分开，也可以和其他成分不分开。可以修饰一个单词(谓语动词/非谓语动词/形容词/副词)，可以修饰一个短语（谓语动词短语/非谓语动词(不定式/动名词/现在分词/过去分词)短语/形容词短语/副词短语/介词短语），可以修饰一个句子（1个从句/1个分句/1个完整句子）

She answered in a quietly assertive way.(介词短语作方式状语修饰谓语动词answered)

She asserted her answer quietly.(副词作方式状语修饰动词短语"asserted her answer)

【2】(修饰性状语成分) 附加状语Adjuncts

是增加信息，通常是句子信息的中心

He lived in Chicago.【必具性附加状语】

The Queen arrived. 【即：突出到达】

The Queen arrived in a blue gown.【她的衣着比到达更重要】

He put the books on the desk.

Where did he put the books?

附加状语与主语或宾语处于同一结构层次

It was on the book that he put the books.

We are studying grammar in our classroom.

⑴ 必具性附加状语

We sat down.

The road goes to Changchun.

⑵ 非必具性附加状语

We baked the cake (at home).

I found my watch (under the bed).

⑶ 谓体附加状语

He travelled a great deal and eventually settled down inAustralia.（只修饰settled）

⑷ 句子附加状语

InAustralia, he travelled a great deal and eventually settled down. (两个都修饰为句子附加状语)

注意歧义

I heard the man in the next house.

状语译文：我在隔壁房间听见这个人讲话的声音。

定语译文：我听见隔壁房间的那个人讲话的声音。

⑸ 空间(space)附加状语

位置、方向、目标位置、来源和距离

He climbed out of the water.

Many people eat in restaurants in London.

⑹ 时间(time)附加状语

At three o’clock tomorrow I’ll meet you.

You should take the medicine twice each day. （可以移到句首）

⑺ 方式附加状语(how)

They proceeded carefully.

……………….. with care.

His wound can be treated surgically.

……………………… by means of surgery.

⑻ 原因附加状语(why/what … for)

原因、理由、目的、结果、条件、让步

He had taken the flat because of the job.

……………………. for the job.

多个状语同时出现：

The plane landed safely at Rome an hour later. (它们都属于什么类型的状语？)

【3】(次修饰语状语成分)下加状语Subjuncts是对相关内容的修饰

⑴ 观点下加状语Viewpoint Subjuncts

He’s not a doctor technically.

…………… from a technical point of view.

⑵ 礼貌下加状语Courtesy Subjuncts

We cordially invited you to our party, please.

比较：We were cordial enough to invite you to our party, please.

⑶ 主语下加状语

a. 表示主语态度

Uneasily, I thought of her going home alone.

= I was uneasy when I thought of her going home alone.

b. 表示主语意愿

Reluctantly, I must refuse your invitation.

= Though I am reluctant to refuse your invitation, I must do so.

⑷ 谓体下加状语

already, yet, still, not … any more, no longer, just, so far, as yet, up to now

I have received no answer from him as yet.

(as yet也可置于句首)

⑸强化下加状语

a. 强调语充当下加状语

He is literally (=really) the rudest man I know.

He will certainly come here.

其它还有: surely, simply, actually, etc.

b. 增强词充当下加状语

absolutely, altogether, completely, entirely, extremely, fully, perfectly, thoroughly, totally, in all respects, etc.

I totally agree with you.

c. 减弱语是谓体语义的下加状语

近似语almost, nearly, virtually, as good as, all but, etc.

折衷语 kind of, quite, something of, more or less, rather, etc.

He’s something of a stamp collector.

⑹ 焦点下加状语

a. 表示有关话语对中心部分而言是正确的

alone, exactly, just, merely, only, especially, largely, mainly primarily, specially, at least, in particular, etc.

The accident was witnessed by only two people.

b. 表示有关话语对中心部分而言是正确的，但对中心部分做些补充

again, also, either, equally, even, further, likewise, neither, too, in addition, etc.

We have invited (as well) some of his friends as well.

【4】(评注性/评论性状语)外加状语Disjuncts限于句法层面，外加状语只是起到评注性作用，是句子中可有可无的。

外加状语与句子成分相比，层次高一级，在句法上更独立，其修饰范围也延伸到整个句子。

⑴ 语体外加状语Style disjuncts

a. 情感和方式

candidly, flatly, honestly, strictly, truly, privately, frankly, generally, roughly, etc.

Confidentially, he is not a good doctor.

= I tell you confidentially

b. 方面和观点

personally, figuratively, metaphorically, literally, etc.

Strictly (speaking), it’s not allowed, but we won’t prevent it.

⑵ 内容外加状语Content disjuncts

a. 真实性相信程度和条件

assuredly, certainly, decidedly, indeed, undeniably, undoubtedly, unquestionably, clearly, manifestly, etc.

The incident happened, possibly, when I was in the garden.

b.  对说的话的估计和态度

(in)correctly, (un)justly, cleverly, foolishly, (un)reasonably, (un)wisely, etc.

Regrettably, we had forgotten all about Randoph.

c. 表示讲话人感到差异

To my surprise, he married her.

⑶ 评述分句充当外加状语

I think, expect, feel, hear, agree, hope, know, don’t you agree, can’t you see, mind you, etc.

She is wrong, I believe.

Dorothy, as you said, is a clever girl.

What’s more surprising, more serious, most significant of all, very strange, what annoys me, more upsetting, etc.

What is more upsetting, her appointment has not yet been confirmed.

to be precise, honest, fair, frank, sure, to put it briefly, to tell you the truth, so to speak, etc.

I don’t really know, to be honest.

【5】(连接性状语)连加状语Conjuncts连加内容：

小到连接一个副词和短语；大到句子和段落在语篇构建过程中具有以下几种语篇功能：语篇衔接功能、语篇接续功能、语篇限定功能和语篇预示功能等。

Textual level

⑴列举first, first of all, on the one hand, for one thing, finally, lastly, last of all, etc.

To start with, we must do our best.

⑵补充then, again, also, further(more), etc.

He does not like to leave such a well-paid post, and moreover, he is very happy in his work.

⑶总结altogether, in conclusion, to summarize, etc.

All in all, he is a good student.

⑷同位namely, thus, in other words, for example, etc.

They are all females, that is girls and women.

⑸结果accordingly, hence, therefore, so as a consequence, as a result, etc.

I had broken my glasses, so I couldn’t see what was happening.

⑹推断otherwise, then, in other words, in that case, etc.

In that case, come a little earlier.

⑺对比(重述)rather, more accurately, alias, etc.

He is being a fool. In other words, he is behaving foolishly.

(更换) instead, again, rather, etc.

(对偶)conversely, oppositely, in comparison, etc.

(让步) anyhow, besides, what's more, in addition, furthermore, however, nevertheless, etc.

⑻转题incidentally, now, by the way, etc.

I must go now. Incidentally, if you want that book, I’ll bring it next time

meantime/while, at dthe same time, eventually, etc.

They’ll be here in ten minutes. Meanwhile, we’ll have some coffee.