请分析一下 believe, think, suppose, guess 等用于否定回答时,既可以说 I don’t believe (think, suppose guess) so,也可以说I believe (think, suppose guess) not,而为什么 回答 hope, expect, be afraid 作否定回答时,只能说I hope (expect) not以及I’m afraid not,而不能说 I don't hope so 或者 I am not afraid so 呢?谢谢
你的问题涉及二方面内容:1.转移否定;2.分句替代。
1 转移否定指按语义本应出现于从句的否定词not被移至主句的现象。如:
I think (that) it's not going to rain today.
I don't think (that) it's going to rain today.
以上两句话意义相同,第一句否定意义较强,但却不如第二句用得普遍,尤其是在非正式语体。
主句中可以用于转移否定的动词按语义分为两大类。
1)表示看法的动词。如:anticipate,believe,calculate,expect,figure,imagine, suppose, think等。
并非所有表示看法的动词或结构都能用于转移否定。注意下面句子的区别。
I am not afraid that he will come next week.(我不怕他下周来)
I am afraid that he will not come next week. (恐怕他下周不会来)
2)表示认知的动词。如:appear,seem,feel as if等。
2 分句替代指用替代词去替代一个分句的语法现象。
so作为分句替代词常用来替代肯定陈述分句;not作为分句替代词替代否定陈述分句。
so替代that宾语从句时,主要用于表示看法、意见的动词之后,这些动词主要为:believe,be afraid,expect,fear,hope,imagine, say, tell, think, suppose.
如:Tom will come tomorrow.
I hope so. = I hope he will come tomorrow.
not替代否定that从只用于少数表示看法和设想的动词后。
如:Do you think Tom will come tomorrow?
No, I think not. = I think he will not come tomorrow.
No, I don't think so. = I don't think he will come tomorrow.
结合你问题“为什么作否定回答时,只能说I hope (expect) not以及I’m afraid not,而不能说 I don't hope so 或者 I am not afraid so 呢?”
答案是:只有可用于转移否定的动词后才有两种替代形式,不能用于转移否定的动词后只有一种替代形式。hope和be afraid都不能用转移否定,因而只有一种分句替代形式。
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在英语中,有些动词常用否定转移形式。如:think, guess, believe, expect, suppose等,但它们仍然可以用非否定转移形式。无论用否定转移还是非否定转移,它们所表达的意义是相同的。例如:
- Will they go outing this Sunday? 他们这个星期天要去郊游吗?
- I don’t think so. (= I think not.) 我想他们不会去的。
注意:“so”代表肯定式的宾语从句,“not”代表否定式的宾语从句。即:
I don’t think so. = I don’t think that they will go outing this Sunday.(否定转移)
I think not. = I think that they will not go outing this Sunday.(非否定转移)
但是,hope是一个不能用于否定转移的动词,它的两种否定形式在意义上是不同的。如:
-Will he come today? 今天他会来吗?
-I hope so. (= I hope that he will come today.) 我希望他今天来。
-I hope not. (= I hope that he will not come today.) 我希望他今天不来。(否定从句的谓语)
-I don’t hope that he will come today. 我不希望他今天来。(否定主句的谓语)
上句是不能写成“I don’t hope so.”的,在英语国家这样的表达很罕见。总而言之,当谓语动词hope为否定式时,宾语不用so。
另外,be afraid也属同类用法。如:
- Will the teacher come to our party?老师会来参加我们的派对吗?
- I’m afraid so. 恐怕是的。(so = the teacher will come to our party)
- I’m afraid not. 恐怕不会。(not = the teacher will not come to our party)
如果用I’m not afraid that the teacher will come to our party.“我不怕老师来参加我们的派对”,意义就完全不同了。
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统一曹老师和曾老师解答,以上问题可以从以下2个方面解答。
(1)主语+表示看法、意见等动词+so (so替代宾语从句)
在此句型中,so只用于避免重复前面所说过的内容,等于代替肯定的名词性从句。可与believe, imagine, do, expect, fear, guess, hope, say, speak, suppose, think等动词及I’m afraid连用。
-Is he going to study abroad?
它打算去留学吗?
-I believe so.
(=I believe (that)he is going to study abroad. )
我想是的。
备注(1):think so, believe so, expect so,等变为否定形式有两种方法:
A:可以用动词的否定结构。
I don’t believe(suppose, think …)so等;
B:也可用not代替so,但be afraid so,fear so,hope so等变为否定形式只能用not代替so。
I hope not, I fear not, I’m afraid not.
备注(2)此用法不能和表示确信、疑问的词连用。
I’m sure of it.
我确信如此。(不能说I’m sure so. )
(2)主语+do+so (替代动词+宾语)
在此句型中,so和动词do连用,可用来替代上文出现过的动宾和动状结构,以避免重复。
-Have you handed in your homework?
你的作业交了没有?
-I did so yesterday.
(did so = handed in my homework. )(动宾结构)我的作业交了。
-Jack can jump over the fence.
杰克能跳过这个栅栏。
-I’m not sure whether David can do so.
(do so = jump over the fence. )(动状结构)大卫能不能,我没把握。
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