我简要回答这个问题,若有误,请曹老师批评指正。
1. operator 除了叫“操作词”外,还可叫“启动词”或“作用词”。
这个术语是R. Quirk等人的用语。指句子谓语中用来构成疑问句和否定的动词(即:助动词和情态动词,以及be动词)。
【注】在肯定句中不存在这种叫法,助动词仍叫助动词,情态动词仍叫情态动词。
2. He has given the girl an apple.
Has he given the girl an apple? (Has就是operator)
He hasn’t given the girl an apple. (hasn’t就是operator)
3.情态动词和助动词连用时,只需改变第一个即可,那么这一个就是operater。例如:
He should have been questioned by the police.
Should he have been questioned by the police? (Should就是operator)
He shouldn’t have been questioned by the police. (shouldn’t就是operator)
4. 没有助动词或情态动词时,使用do作为dummy operater(假位启动词)。例如:
It rained yesterday.
Did it rain yesterday? (Did就是operator)
It didn’t rain yesterday. (didn’t就是operator)
5. be动词无论是否用作助动词,都可以充当operator,例如:
John is searching the room.
Is John searching the room? (Is就是operator)
John isn’t searching the room. (isn’t就是operator)
The girl is a college student.
Is the girl a college student?(Is就是operator)
The girl isn't a college student.(isn’t就是operator)
6. 英国英语的实意动词have(有),也可用作operater,例如:
Tom has a degree.
Has Tom a degree? (Has就是operator)
Tom hasn’t a degree. (hasn’t就是operator)
曹老师问的几个问题,都已包含在解答之中了。
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