hope的一般时态形式远比进行时态的形式常见。但后者也会出现在特定的语境。二者的区别究竟如何？如：

I hope you can do me a favor.（表示一种常态，我希望你能帮我忙）

I am hoping you can do me a favor.（表示非常态，即一种短期心理活动变化，我十分希望你能帮我一个忙，属于急切做某事心态）

I hope it wont rain tomorrow.（常态）我希望明天不下雨

I am hoping it wont rain tomaorrow.（非常态：表示短期/短暂心理活动变化）我非常希望明天不会下雨

The scientists hope to solve the problem finally.（常态）（科学家们希望最后能解决这个问题）

The scientists are hoping to solve the problem finally.（非常态，表示短期心理变化很希望最后能解决这个问题。属于静态动词含义转化动态含义用法）

(1)hope用作动词的基本意思是“希望”“期望”,指热切、专心致志地对未来的、积极的、崇高的、一些好的或有利的结果的盼望,含有一定的主观性,相信其可能实现。

(2)hope所接的that从句中的谓语多由will+ v. 构成, that可省略。在对话中常可用so或not代替前面句子中肯定式或否定式的宾语(动词不定式或that从句)。

(3)hope作“希望”解,本身即指将来,所以在hope的宾语从句中常可用一般现在时表示将来时间,一般不与be going to连用。

(4)hope是静态动词,一般不用于进行体。如用于进行体,则强调当时的思想情况,或是表达一种强烈的愿望,除具有“短暂性”外,语气也较为婉转。其过去进行体was hoping出现在句中有时并不表示过去的时间,而可能指现在的时间,这种用法比其现在进行体语气更加委婉.

                                静态动词PK动态动词

动词按其词汇意义可分为动态动词（Dynamic Verb）和静态动词（Static Verb）。

(1)动态动词表示一种运动状态，绝大多数动词是动态动词。动态动词既可用于进行体，也可用于非进行体。动态动词大体分为三类：

A:表示持续动作的动词：drink，eat，read，write，walk，run，play，talk，fly，watch 等。     

B:表示短暂动作的动词： leave，go，come，see，arise，break，open，    meet，close，join，jump，admit，discover等 。

C:表示位移或状态改变的动词： become，turn，grow，change，come， go等。   

He is writing a letter to his friend．

他正在给朋友写信。

He closed the windows．

他关上了窗子。

The leaves on the tress are turning green．

 树叶正在转绿。

He changed his mind．

他改变了想法。

(2)静态动词表示一种相对静止的动词，常用于非进行体，也可归纳为三类：

A:表示各种关系的动词：contain，belong，consist of，have，concern，owe，involve，resemble，differ，exist，hold，cost，fit，lack，matter，compare，deserve，measure，weigh等。

B:表示感觉感知的动词： feel，see，taste，smell，hear等。

C:表示心理状态的动词： think，believe，know，consider，hope，want，mean，forget，remember，expect，understand，leave，hate，regret，envy，admire，suppose，fear，care等。

 The hall can contain 1,000 people.

 大厅可以容纳1000人。

 The report consists of five parts.

 这个报告包括五部分。

 The camera cost ￥200.

 这架照相机值200元。

 The little girl saw a black dog beside the door.

 小女孩看见门边有只黑狗。

 He hates being pushed around.

 他讨厌任人摆布。

英语中的动态动作和静态状态可以表现在动词中,从语义角度讲,动词可以分为动态和静态。本文着重就动态动词(dynamic verbs)和静态动词(stative verbs)的语义和句法特征做进一步的分析。

一、 动词（dynamic verbs）和静态动词(stative verbs)的概念及分类。

实义动词按其语义特征可以分为动态动词和静态动词。

1． 动态动词(dynamic verbs)：表示运动状态的动词。这类动词分为五种：

（1） 活动动词(activity verbs)

（2） 过程动词(process verbs)

（3） 感觉动词(verbs of bodily sensation)

（4） 过渡性动词(transitional verbs)

（5） 瞬间动词(momentary verbs)

2． 静态动词(stative verbs)： 表示相对静止状态的动词。这类动词分为三种：

（1） 感觉动词(verbs of perception)

（2） 认识动词(verbs of cogition)

（3） 关系动词(relation verbs)

一、 动态动词(dynamic verbs)

1． 活动动词(activity verbs)： 这类动词表示动作的发出者的有意识的，主动的行为。

这类动词有： ask， write， listen， play，run， keep，work  etc.

One of the students asked me a question.

The girl writes to her mother once a week.

2． 过程动词(process verbs)： 这类动词表示“过程”含有逐渐过渡的语义，通常情况下，表示动作转化为状态。

这类动词有： change， grow， get， widen， become， mature， deteriorate etc.

The village has changed a great deal since we last visited it.

It is growing cold.

3． 感觉动词(verbs of bodily sensation)： 这类动词表示客观事物的个别特征在人体中引起的反映。

这类动词有： ache, feel, hurt, itch etc.

My back was hurting.

Are your mosquito bites still itching?

4． 过渡性动词(transational verbs)：这类动词表示动作由一个阶段逐渐发展而转入另一种状态。

这类动词有： arrive, die, fall, land, leave, lose etc.

The train arrived at the station.

Tom’s grandfather died five years ago.

            这里需要指出的是当上述过渡性动词用于进行体时，表达的不是动作达到的语义，而是过渡状态。

        The train was arriving. (火车快到站了.)

        Tom’s grandfather was dying. (汤姆的祖父快要去世.)

5． 瞬间动词（momentary verbs）

这类动词表示瞬间发生随即完成的动作。

这类动词有：hit，jump，tap，knock，kick，nod，meet，shoot，drop，etc.

The boss hit the boy on the head.

The teacher tapped the child on the shoulder.

值得语言学者重视的是： 瞬间动词一旦用于进行体,常表示重复性动作。

The boss was hitting the boy on the head. (连续打击)

The teacher was tapping the child on the shoulder. (连续拍打)

其中begin 虽为瞬间动词，但用于进行体中，并不表示重复，而是表示“刚刚开始”：

You are beginning to wonder whether the plan can be practicable.

通过对上述动态动词(dynamtic verbs) 的语义特征进行的分析, 可以概括为以下几点用法:

1) 动态动词可以用于祈使句。

Stop talking.

Please open the door.

2) 动态动词可以用于进行体。

The students are reading the text.

The weather is changing for the better.

3) 动态动词可以用于复合宾语中。

I told him to go to the clinic.

She asked the student write the composition.

4）动态动词可以用于带有do 代词形势得假拟分裂句。

What I did was to make notes.

What I did was to leav.

二、 静态动词（stative verbs）

1． 感觉动词（verbs of perception）：感觉动词用来表示主体的思维和五官活动的动词。这类动词有：see, hear, smell, sound, taste, etc.

We can smell something burning.

Can you taste onion in the soup?

2． 认识动词（verbs of cognition）：认识动词用来表示各种思想感情及心理状态。

这类动词有：astonish，desire，believe，love，hate，remember，know，want，wish，think，recognize，etc.

His words astonished all.

I didn’t recognized her.

3． 关系动词（relational verbs）：关系动词用来表示主体和其他事物之间的静止关系或状态。这类动词有：apply to，be，belong to，concern，resemble，consist of，contain，cost，depend on，deserve，fit，have，remain，seem，need，own，etc.

The rules apply to all undertakings.

Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.

通过对上述静态动词(stative verbs)的语义分析,可以概括为以下几点:

1) 静态动词不能用于祈使句。 不能说：

Hear, someone is knocking at the door.

Know him, please.

2) 静态动词一般不以进行体形式出现。不能说：

I am knowing that Jack went there.

Our class is consisting of 20 students.

3) 静态动词不能用于复合宾语(complex objects)中。不能说：

I ask him to smell something unpleasant.

I advised him remember it.

4) 静态动词不能用于带有do 代词形式的假拟分裂句。不能说：

What I did was to feel pain on my head.

What she did was to dislike the novel.

三、 动态动词(dynamic verbs)和静态动词(stative verbs)的其他用法。

以上对动态动词和静态动词的语义和句法特征进行了分析，两者之间存在一些固有的差异，但是并非一成不变的，在一定语义中可以互相转化。

1．在一定的语境中，静态动词可以转化为动态动词。

I can smell gas, it smalls awful. （汽油味是无意识闻到的，闻起来很难闻。）

I can hear someone singing. (唱歌是无意识听到的。)

2．有的静态动词转化为动态用法，可以用于祈使句：

Don’t be late.(be 在这里不是“是”的意思，而是与表语late一起构成迟到的行为。)

Know the answer.(know 在此处不是“知道”的意思，而是“弄清”。)

3．一些静态动词可以用于进行体。

1） 表示某一具体时间内的暂时心理活动：

She is being clever. (暂时性)

His father trusted him. (经常性)

His father is trusting him. (当时的情况)

2） 表示动作的主体主动地有意识地进行某一动作：

I’m feeling this desk.(主动性)

I’m tasting those wines for nearly an hour.(主动性)

3） 表示某种心理，情感的行为反复发生，并且含有感情色彩：

What are you wanting this time?

(意味来过几次，每次都要不同的东西，而这次又要什么？话语中有不耐烦的情绪。)

She is continually distrusting her judgement.(意味着反复发生的行为却不相信自己。)

4） 词汇意义有所变化，这时候它们在不同的场景下，可以用不同的其它动词来代替：

She is hearing the lectures at the university.( hearing = listening to)

Tome is seeing the sights. (seeing = visiting)

5） 表示某种认识，感觉的获得有一个持续的过程：

We are finding this problem is more complicated tha we expected.(缓慢的一个过程)

They are realizing (at last) that they must give up smokinfg.(逐渐的过程)

6） 表示“开始”的含义：

I’m forhetting the German language.(forgetting = beginning to forget)

He is understanding this better.(understanding = beginning to understand)

7) 表示婉转，客气的语气：

I’m hoping you will come and play.

我真希望您来玩。

I’m wondering if you have any good ideas.

我想知道你有什么好主意。

      动态性动词与静态性动词

Dynamic Verb and Static Verb

英语动词按其是否可以用于进行时态的语义特征，可以分为动态性动词和静态性动词。大量的动词是动态性的，可以用于进行时态。有一些动词是静态性的，不能用于进行时态。还有不少动词，兼有动态与静态两种特性，而其含义是不同的。动态性动词与静态性动词的用法有四个不同之处：

（1）动态性动词可用于进行时态，而静态性动词则不可。这是两种动词最根本的区别，例如：

1）John is writing to his father．

（约翰正在给他的父亲写信。）

2）John resembles his father．

（约翰长得像他的父亲。）

John is resembling his father．（Impossible）

3）John is painting his house．

（约翰正在油漆他的房子。）

4）John owns a house．

（约翰拥有一所房子。）

John is owning a house．（Impossible）

有些动词可兼作两类动词，但意思不同。动词“hold”的句子主语是人，则作“握住”解，是个动态性动同；句子主语是处所，则作“容纳”解，是个静态性动词，例如：

5）a．John is holding a ball in his hands．

b．John has a ball in his hands．

（约翰正用两手握住球。）

6）a．The bus holds 50 people．

b．50 people can sit in the bus．

（这辆公共汽车能坐五十人。）

动词have可兼作两种类型。当作动态性动词用时，表示动作的发生或过程，相当于take，get，receive，eat，drink等词，可用于进行时态。当作静态性动词用时，表示“拥有”的概念，相当于own，possess等词，没有进行时态，例如：

7）a．I was having my coffee quietly．

b．I was drinking my coffee quietly．

（当时我正在默默地喝咖啡。）

8）a．The man has a new car．

b．The man owns a new car．

c．The man possesses a new car．

（这个人有辆新汽车。）

动词consider后跟名词作宾语，当“考虑”讲，为动态性动词。后跟that从句作宾语，当“认为”讲，为静态性动词。 例如：

9）a．We shall consider your application．

b．We shall take your application into consideration．

c．We shall think over your application．

（我们将考虑你的申请。）

10）a．I consider（that）you acted very wisely．

b．I think（that）you acted very wisely．

c．To my mind，you acted very wisely．

（我认为你做得非常明智。）

在动词词组apply to中，如果apply当及物动词用，则是动态性动词，意为“应用”。如是不及动物词，则是静态性动词，意为“适用于”。例如：

11）a．They are applying the new theory to practice．

b．They are putting the new theory into practice．

（他们正在把这个新理论应用于实践。）

12）a．What I have said doesn't apply to you．

b．What I have said doesn't concern you．

（我所说的话对你不适用。）

不及物动词look后跟具有动态含义的前置词at，便成为动态性动词。后跟具有静态含义的前置词like，便成为静态性动词。例如：

13）a．He is looking at the picture on the wall．

b．He is taking a look at the picture on the wall．

（他正在看墙上的画。）

14）a．He looks like his father．

b．He resembles his father．

（他长得像他的父亲。）

有些静态性动词，可以充当动态性动词，用于进行时态，表示委婉的口气。例如：

15）a．I wonder if I could ask you a question．

b．I'm wondering if I could ask you a question．

（我不知可否问你一个问题。）

16）a．I hope to leave as soon as possible．

b．I'm hoping to leave as soon as possible．

（我希望尽早地离开。）

在现代英语中，有种越来越多地使用进行时态的趋势，包括静态性动词用于进行时态，表示“惊讶”、“责备”、“抱怨”、“批评”等感情色彩。例如：

17）My grandfather is forgetting names nowadays．

（现在我爷爷老是记不起别人的名字。）

18）These old people are all remembering the days of their childhood．

（这些老人居然都还记得他们的童年往事。）

19）The old man is surely imagining things．

（这位老人肯定是在想什么事情。）

Dynamic Verb and Static Verb

（2）动态性动词大多可用于祈使句（Imperative Sentence），静态性动词则不可。例如：

20）Keep the house clean and tidy！

（要保持房子整齐清洁！）

21）Own the house！（Impossible）

22）Do as your father does．

（照你父亲那样做。）

23）Resemble your father．（Impossible）

动词have作动态性动词用，可用于祈使句，例如：

24）a．Have some tea！

       b．Drink some tea！

（请喝点茶！）

smell当动态性动词用，表示感觉行为，可用于祈使句；当静态性动词用，表示感觉表现，不可用于祈使句，例如：

25）a．Smell this meat．Does it smell bad？

       b．Take／Have a smell at this meat．Does it give/have a bad smell？

（闻一闻这块肉，看它有没有坏味道？）

动词当作动态性动词用于祈使句中，往往表达的是原义。当作静态性动词，往往含有引伸义，但不用于祈使句。试以hold为例：

26）a．Hold the handle very firmly．

       b．Grasp the handle！very firmly．

（请紧紧抓住这个把手。）

27）a．Hold your head up！

       b．Keep your head up！

（仰着脑袋！）

28）a．Plato held（the view）that the soul is immortal．

       b．Plato believed／thought that the soul is immortal．

（柏拉图认为灵魂是不朽的。）

（3）动态性动词可用于内嵌句（Embeded Sentence）中，即充当V＋sb．＋to do sth．结构中的复合宾语（Complex Object）部分的to do；而静态性动词不可。例如：

29）a．I told him to abandon his attempt．

       b．He was told to abandon his attempt．

（我叫他放弃尝试。）

30）a．I told him not to hit a man when he was down．

       b．He was told not to hit a man when he was down．

（我叫他不要乘人之危。）

31）I told him to act as an interpreter．

（我叫他充当译员。）

32）I told him to look like an interpreter．

（Impossible）

33）I told him to keep the house．

（我叫他管理这个家。）

34）I told him to possess the house．

（Impossible）

（4）动态性动词可用于带有do代词形式的假拟分裂句（Pseudo－cleft Sentence with Do Pro-form）中；静态性动词则不可。例如：

35）What I did was（to）solve the problem．

（我所做的事情是去解决这个问题。）

36）What I did was to know the problem．

（Impossible）

A．动态性动词：

动态性动词大体分为下列五类：

（1）活动型动词（Activity Verb）

（2）过程型动词（Process Verb）

（3）感觉痛苦型动词（Sense Suffer Verb）

（4）过渡型动词（Transitional Verb）

（5）瞬时型动词（Momentary Verb）

上述各类动态性动词，用于进行时态，都表示正在进行而尚未结束的动作。除瞬时型动词外，其余各类动词都表示具有一定持续时间的动作。但是，持续时间的长短，取决于多种因素。除了动词本身的语义外，其主语和宾语所用名词的单、复数和含义，也都与持续时间长短有关，例如：

37）a．Mary was asking John a question．

（玛丽正在问约翰一个问题。）

b．Mary was asking John questions．

（玛丽正在向约翰问问题。）

38）a．A car was passing through．

（一辆汽车正在驶过。）

b．Many cars were passing through．

（许多汽车在来来去去。）

39）a．Dick is writing a word on the black－board．

（狄克正在黑板上写一个字。）

b．Dick is writing a letter to his father．

（狄克正在给他父亲写信。）

c．Dick is writing a novel about the suffer－ings of an old woman．

（狄克在写一部关于一个老妇人的苦难的小说。）

（1）活动型动词：

英语动词大部分是活动型动词，表明人或物的活动、动作或行为。其主语大多数是有生命的（animate）。ask，call，drink，eat，help，laugh，learn，listen to，look at，play，read，say，smile，walk，work，write等都属于这个类型，例如：

40）a．They were walking around the lake．

b．They were taking a walk around the lake．

（他们正绕着湖边散步。）

41）a．They were eating supper．

b．They were taking supper．

c．They were having supper．

（他们正在吃晚饭。）

42）a．They were talking about their work．

b．They were having a talk about their work．

（他们正在谈论工作。）

有些动词如rain，snow，其主语是无生命的（inanimate）。例如：

43）a．It is raining heavily．

b．Rain is falling heavily．

（正在下大雨。）

44）a．It is blowing hard．

b．The wind is blowing hard．

（正在刮大风。）

姿势型动词（Posture Verb），如sit，stand，lie，lean，squat，kneel等，也属于这一类型。例如：

45）They were sitting around the table and listening to the radio．

（他们正在桌子四周坐着听收音机。）

46）The teacher was standing in front of her pupils．

（那老师站在她的学生面前。）

47）The boy was lying in bed，reading a novel．

（这男孩正躺在床上读小说。）

（2）过程型动词：

过程型动词表示人或物在数量、质量、程度、体积、速度、力量、外观、颜色、方向等各种特征方面变化、发展、增大或减少的过程。这类动词一般都有延续时间，可以用于进行时态，说明延续的过程。这类动词有change，alter，turn，mature，ripen，develop，grow，age，improve，increase，accelerate，decline，decrease，reduce，decelerate，diminish，widen，flatten，deepen，shorten，lengthen，weaken等，例如：

48）a．The leaves are changing from green to brown．

b．The leaves are turning brown．

（树叶正在由绿色变成棕色。）

49）a．They are changing the appearance of the museum．

b．The appearance of the museum is being changed．

c．The appearance of the museum is changing．

d．The museum is changing its appearance．

e．The museum is changing in appearance．

（这座博物馆正在改观。）

50）a．The ship was altering course．

b．The ship was changing course．

（这艘船正在改变航向。）

51）a．My hair is turning grey．

b．My hair is greying．

（我的头发逐渐变灰白。）

52）a．These apples are maturing fast．

b．These apples are becoming mature fast．

c．These apples are ripening fast．

d．These apples are becoming ripe fast．

（这些苹果正在很快地成熟。）

53）a．An interest in stamps is developing in the boy．

b．The boy is developing an interest in stamps．

c．The boy is becoming more interested in stamps．

d．Stamps are becoming more interesting to the boy．

（这个男孩对邮票越来越感兴趣。）

54）a．Shanghai is developing into one of the greatest cities in the world．

b．Shanghai is turning into one of the greatest cities in the world．

（上海正在成为世界上最大的城市之一。）

55）a．He is growing to be a big boy．

b．He is growing into a big boy．

（他正在长成一个大小伙子。）

56）a．He was aging fast／quickly．

b．He was becoming／growing old fast／quickly．

（他正在迅速地变老。）

57）a．His health is improving．

b．He is improving in health．

（他正在恢复健康。）

58）a．The population of the city is increasing．

b．There is an increase in population in the city．

（这个城市的人口正在增加。）

59）a．Our difficulties are increasing．

b．We are meeting with more difficulties．

（我们的困难正在增加。）

60）a．His weight is increasing．

b．He is putting on weight．

c．He is gaining weight．

（他的体重在增加。／他在发胖。）

61）a．The driver was increasing the speed of his car．

b．The driver was accelerating his car．

c．The driver was speeding up his car．

（这司机正在加快车速。）

62）a．His health is declining．

b．He is getting weaker．

（他的体质在下降。）

63）a．The king's power is declining．

b．The king is becoming less powerful．

（这国王的权力在减少。）

64）a．The politician's influence was declining．

b．The politician was becoming less influential．

（这个政客的影响在缩小。）

3）感觉痛苦型动词：

感觉痛苦型动词是一类特殊的动态性动词，本身具有延续概念，可用进行时态表示，但不用于祈使句中。

A．感觉能力型动词：

感觉能力型动词表示人的视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和感觉能力，即“能看到”、“能听到”、“能闻到”、“能尝出”和“能感到”的意思；也表示人感受外界事物刺激的状态，即“看到”、“听到”、“闻到”、“尝出”和“感到”的意思。这种动词表示的是一种“内在感觉”（inner perception）。表示视觉的动词主要是see，find，notice等；表示听觉的动词是hear；表示嗅觉的动词是smell；表示味觉的动词是taste；表示感觉的动词是feel。下面分别叙述这类动词的特点：

（1）这类动词既表示感觉能力，又表示感觉状态，而两者意思往往是相同的，因此可以用can see／see和could see／saw等表达，例如：

1）a．Can you see the house over there？

b．Do you see the house over there？

（你看见那边的那所房子吗？）

2）a．I can see the sea from my bedroom window．

b．I see the sea from my bedroom window．（我从卧室的窗户可以看见大海。）

3）a．When you get to the end of the street，you can see a supermarket．

b．When you get to the end of the street，you'll see a supermarket．

（你走到这条街的尽头就能看见一个超级市场。）

4）a．I could see someone through the window．

b．I saw someone through the window．（我从窗户看见有一个人。）

5）a．I could hear a knocking at the door． b．I heard a knocking at the door．

（我能听见有人敲门。）

6）a．He spoke so loudly that even those who sat at the back could hear him clearly．

b．He spoke so loudly that even those who sat at the back heard him clearly．

（他讲话声音很大，连那些坐在最后排的人也能听清楚。）

7）a．Can you smell something unusual？

b．Do you smell something unusual？

（你闻出有点不寻常的气味吗？）

8）a．Can you taste anything strange in this soup？

b．Do you taste anything strange in this soup？

（你尝出汤里有点怪味道吗？）

9）a．I could feel my heart beating wildly．

b．I felt my heart beating wildly．

（我当时感到心跳得很厉害。）

（2）这类动词表示一种能力或状态，因而没有进行时态，例如：

10）a．I can see a tree in front of the house．

b．I see a tree in front of the house．

c．I am seeing a tree in front of the house．（Impossible）

（我看得见房前有一棵树。）

11）a．I could hear someone laughing．

b．I heard someone laughing．

c．I was hearing someone laughing．（Impossible）

（我当时听见有人哈哈大笑。）

12）a．I could smell onions cooking．

b．I smelt onions cooking．

c．I was smelling onions cooking．（Impossible）

（我当时闻到煮洋葱的味道。）

13）a．I could taste sugar in the coffee．

b．I tasted sugar in the coffee．

c．I was tasting sugar in the coffee．（Impossible）

（我尝出了咖啡里已放了糖。）

14）a．I could feel something soft under my foot．

b．I felt something soft under my foot．

c．I was feeling something soft under my foot．（Impossible）

（我当时感到脚底下有个软东西。）

15）a．I find the bed quite comfortable．

b．I am finding the bed quite comfortable．（Impossible）

（我发觉这张床相当舒服。）

16）a．Did you notice her hands shaking？

b．Were you noticing her hands shaking？（Impossible）

（你有没有注意到她的双手在抖动？）

（3）这类动词中仅有see和hear两个动词用于被动语态，表示“能见性”（visibility）或“可听性”（audibility）的概念，也可以用相应的形容词visible或audible来表示，例如：

17）a．You／One can（still）see the scar on his chin．

b．The scar can（still） be seen on his chin．

c．The scar is（still） visible on his chin．

d．The scar（still） shows on his chin．

e．His chin（still） shows／bears the scar．（你可以看到他的下巴有个伤疤。）

18）a．You／One can see the fracture quite clearly on the X ray．

b．The fracture can be／is quite clearly seen on the X ray．

c．The fracture is quite visible on the X ray．

d．The fracture shows／is shown quite clearly on the X ray．

e．The X ray shows the fracture quite clearly．

（在X光片上可相当清楚地看见骨折。）

19）a．Make sure other motorists can see you．

b．Make sure you are visible to other motorists．

（一定要让其他开车的人都看见你。）

20）a．These sounds could be heard clearly．

b．These sounds were clearly audible．

（当时可以清楚地听见这些声音。）

（4）动词see和hear的否定被动形式，表示“不能见性”（invisibility）和“不可听性”（inaudibility），也可以用相应的形容词invisible和inaudible来表达，例如：
 21）a．The aircraft got smaller and smaller in the distance until it could no longer be seen by the people on the ground．
 b．The aircraft got smaller and smaller in the distance until it was no longer visible to the people on the ground．
 c．The aircraft got smaller and smaller in the distance until it became invisible to the people on the ground．
 （那飞机显得越来越小，直到地面上的人们再也看不见它了。）
 22）a．In the universe there are a lot of stars that can't be seen by the naked eye．
 b．In the universe there are a lot of stars that are invisible to the naked eye．
 （宇宙间有许许多多肉眼看不见的星星。）
 23）a．The speaker could be heard only with difficulty．
 b．The speaker was scarcely audible．
 b．The speaker was almost inaudible．
 （这讲话的人让人听得费劲。）
 24）a．This ultrasonic sound can't be heard by the human ear．
 b．This ultrasonic sound is inaudible to the human ear．
 （这种超声波人耳是听不见的。）
 

（5）动词 see／hear／find的被动形式，有时表示“存在”（existence）的意思，相当于“There＋be”结构，例如：
 25）a．You can see a man standing near the gate．
 b．A man can be／is seen standing near the gate．
 c．There is a man standing near the gate．
 （有个人站在大门附近。）
 26）a．People heard an explosion in the vicinity．
 b．An explosion was heard in the vicinity．
 c．There was an explosion in the vicinity．
 （人们听到附近有爆炸的声音。）
 27）a．You can find a lot of coal in this area．
 b．A lot of coal can be／is found in this area．
 c．There is a lot of coal in this area．
 （这个地区有许多煤。）
 28）a．You can find some stamps in that drawer．
 b．Some stamps can be／are found in that drawer．
 c．There are some stamps in that drawer．
 （那抽屉里有一些邮票。）
 29）a．You can find pine-trees in most European countries．
 b．Pine-trees can be／are found in most European countries．
 c．There are pine-trees in most European countries．
 （大多数欧洲国家都有松树。）
 

（6）这类动词中，see， watch， notice， observe， feel后面可跟复合宾语，主要用于 V＋ sb．＋ do sth．和 V＋sb．＋doing sth．两种句型中。前一种句型的复合宾语是非进行时态的，表示在一般时间内全过程的动作或已完成的动作；后一种句型的复合宾语是进行时态的，表示在一特定时刻正在进行而尚未完成的动作，或在一段时间内连续重复的动作，例如：
 30）a．I saw them cross the river yesterday afternoon．（＝ I saw them reach the other side．）
 （昨天下午我看见他们过了河。）
 b．I saw them crossing the river when I passed by at four yesterday afternoon．
 （＝ I didn't know if they reached the other side．）
 （昨天下午四点钟我路过时，看见他们正在过河。）
 31）a．I heard him play the violin the whole afternoon．
 （整个下午我听见他都在拉小提琴。）
 b．I heard him playing the violin when I passed by his room．
 （我经过他的房间时，听见他正在拉小提琴。）
 32）a．I heard a door slam．
 （我听见砰的关门声。）
 b．I could hear a door slamming．
 （我听见门砰砰作响。）
 33）a．He felt the house shake during the earth- quake．
 （地震时他感到房子摇动。）
 b．He felt the house shaking when he went to bed at ten last night．
 （昨晚十点钟他上床睡觉时，感到房子在摇晃。）
 34）a．We watched the children play in the gar- den all the morning．
 （整个上午我们看着孩子们在花园里玩耍。）
 b．We watched the children playing in the garden when I arrived．
 （我们到达时看到孩子们正在花园里玩耍。）
 35）a．I noticed the guest leave his home yesterday afternoon．
 （昨天下午我看到这个客人从他家走了。）
 b．I noticed the guest leaving his home when I passed by．
 （我路过时看到那个客人正在告辞。）
 c．I noticed the guests leaving his home one by one．
 （我看到客人们正一个接一个向他告辞。）
 36）a．The policeman observed the man open the window of the shop．
 （那警察窥看到这个人撬开了商店的窗户。）
 b．The policeman observed the man opening the window of the shop．
 （那警察看着这个人在撬商店的窗户。）
 这类动词中的taste后面不能跟复合宾语，而smell后跟复合宾语，只能用 V＋ sb．＋ doing sth．句型，例如：
 37）a．He smelt something burn in the kitchen．（Impossible）
 b．He smelt something burning in the kitchen．
 （他闻到厨房里有烧糊东西的气味。）
 这类动词中，只有see，hear和observe具有被动形式，其余的动词没有相应的被动形式，例如：
 38）a．I saw him come up the street．
 b．He was seen to come up the street．
 （我看见他沿街走来。）
 39）a．I saw him coming up the street．
 b．He was seen coming up the street．
 （我看见他正沿街走来。）
 40）a．The policeman observed the man enter the bank together with a woman．
 b．The man was observed to enter the bank together with a woman．
 （警察看到这男人跟一个女人一起走进银行。）
 41）a．The policeman observed the man trying to force the lock of the door at midnight．
 b．The man was observed trying to force the lock of the door at midnight．
 （半夜时那警察看到这个人在撬商店的门锁。）
 有些动词，如 catch， find，也可后跟复合宾语，但只用于 V＋ sb．＋ doing sth．句型，例如：
 42）a．We caught the thief stealing．
 b．The thief was caught stealing．
 （我们抓住这个在作案的小偷。）
 43）a．I found her cooking in the kitchen．
 b．She was found cooking in the kitchen．
 （我见她在厨房里做饭。）
 此外，动词see，watch，hear后跟复合宾语，还可用于 V＋sth．＋ done和 V＋ sth．＋ being done句型，例如：
 44）a．He saw the visiting team beat his team．
 b．He saw his team beaten by the visiting team．
 c．He saw his team beaten．
 （他看到自己的队被客队击败。）
 45）a．He saw the visiting team beating his team．
 b．He saw his team being beaten by the visiting team．
 c．He saw his team being beaten．
 （他看到自己的队正被客队击败。）
 46）a．They watched the visiting team beat their team．
 b．They watched their team beaten by the visiting team．
 c．They watched their team beaten．
 （他们看着他们的队被客队击败。）
 47）a．They watched the visiting team beating their team．
 b．They watched their team being beaten by the visiting team．
 c．They watched their team being beaten．
 （他们看着他们的队正被客队击败。）
 48）a．She heard some people speak English．
 b．She heard English spoken by some people．
 c．She heard English spoken．
 （她听到有人讲英语。）
 49）a．She heard some people speaking English．
 b．She heard English being spoken by some people．
 c．She heard English being spoken．
 （她听见有人正在讲英语。）

 （7）动词 can see／can hear的否定形式，有时表示缺乏或丧失视力或听力的概念，即表达“盲”（blindness）或“聋”（deafness）的意思，也可以用相应的形容词blind，deaf来表示，例如：

50）a．The old woman can（still） see very well．

b．The old woman is（still） able to see very well．

c．The old woman（still） has very good eyesight．

（这位老妇人视力依然很好。）

51）a．The old man can't see at all．

b．The old man is unable to see at all．

c．The old man is blind．

（这个老人啥也看不见了。）

52）a．The man can't see very well．

b．The man is unable to see very well．

c．The man has very poor eyesight．

d．The man is almost／nearly blind．

（这个人视力很差／几乎瞎的一样。）

53）a．He is going blind．

b．He is losing his eyesight．

（他双眼快要瞎了。）

54）a．He can no longer see．

b．He is no longer able to see．

c．He has gone blind．

d．He has lost his eyesight．

（他再也看不见了。／他双目失明了。）

55）a．He is blind in one eye．

b．He is partially blind in his left／right eye．

（他一只眼／左眼／右眼失明。）

56）a．He can't hear at all／a thing．

b．He is unable to hear at all／a thing．

c．He is totally deaf．

（他完全聋了。／什么也听不见。）

57）a．She can't hear very well．

b．She is hard of hearing．

c．Her hearing isn't very well．

d．She is almost／nearly deaf．

（她听力极差。／她几乎什么也听不见。）

58）a．He is rather deaf．

b．He has poor hearing．

c．His hearing is poor．

（他听力极差。）

59）a．She is becoming deaf．

b．Her hearing is getting worse．

（她越来越聋。／她快听不见了。）

60）a．She has become deaf．

b．She has lost her hearing．

（她变聋了。／她丧失了听力。）

61）a．He is deaf of／in one ear．

b．He is partially deaf in his left／right ear．

（他一只耳朵／左耳／右耳聋。）

（8）动词see的使役性概念，即“使看见”的意思，可以用 make／let sb．see表示，也可以用 show表示，例如：

62）a．She let her husband see the letter．

b．She showed the letter to her husband．

c．She showed her husband the letter．

（她让她丈夫看这封信。）

63）a．He made me see my mistake．

b．He showed me my mistake．

（他让我看到我的错误。）

表示“使看不见”的概念，可以用hide，prevent表达，例如：

64）a．She prevented her husband（from）seeing the letter．

b．She hid the letter from her husband．

c．She put／kept the letter out of her husband's sight．

（她不让她丈夫看到这封信）。

B．感觉行为型动词：

感觉行为型动词表示人利用眼、耳、鼻、舌及其它感官，主动地去感受外界事物刺激的行为。这是一种“主动感觉”（active perception）。主要动词有 look at／listen to／smell／taste／feel等。现将这类动词特点分述如下：

（1）这类动词表示感觉行为，而不表示感觉能力、感觉状态或感觉结果，例如：

79）I looked carefully and saw a man in the distance．

（我仔细看去，看见远处有一个人。）

80）I listened attentively but heard nothing．

（我侧耳倾听，但是什么也没有听见。）

（2）这类动词可以用进行时态，而感觉能力型动词则不能用进行时态，例如：

81） a．I（can）see a bus in the distance．

（我看见远处有一辆公共汽车。）

b．I am looking at a bus in the distance．

（我注视着远处的一辆公共汽车。）

82）a．I（can）hear what she is saying．

（我听得见她说的话。）

b．I am listening to what she is saying．

（我在听她讲的话。）

83）a．I（can）smell the perfume．

（我闻到这股香味。）

b．I am smelling the perfume．

（我在闻这香味。）

84）a．I（can）taste salt in my porridge．

（我尝出这粥里放了盐。）

b．I am tasting the porridge，to see if it contains enough salt．

（我在尝这粥，看是否放够了盐。）

85）a．I（can）feel the ground．

（我感到够着地了。）

b．I am feeling the ground with my leftfoot．

（我在用我的左脚试探地面的情况。）

（3）动词 look at和 listen to后面可以跟复合宾语，句型为 look at／listen to＋sb．＋doing sth．，表示“注意看”或“注意听”的意思，例如：

86）a．I looked at them running．

b．I watched them running．

（我看着他们跑。）

87）We listened to him playing the piano．

（我们听他弹钢琴。）

（4）动词 look at，see，watch用来表示目的状语时，是否可行，要根据词组搭配而定，例如：

88）a．I'm going to look at the film．（Impossible）

b．l'm going to see the film．

c．I'm going to watch the film．（Impossible）

（我要去看那电影。）

89）a．I'm going to look at television．（Impossible）

b．I'm going to see television．（Impossible）

c．I'm going to watch television．

（我要看电视。）

90）a．I went to look at the Picasso exhibition．

b．I went to see the Picasso exhibition．

C．I went to watch the Picasso exhibition．（Impossible）

（我去参观毕加索画展了。）

91）a．I went to look at a football match．（Impossible）

b．I went to see a football match．

c．I went to watch a football match．

（我去观看了一场足球比赛。）

（5）动词hear在一般情况下是感觉能力型动词，没有进行时态。但是电话的话务员经常使用这个动词的进行时态，是表示过程的动词，而不是表示能力的动词，例如：

92）a．I'm hearing you clearly．

b．I'm receiving your message．

（我听到你讲话了。／我在听你讲话。）

（6）英语中有大量的表示视觉的行为型动词，除常用的look外，还有regard，scan，glance，view，eye，peer，stare，gaze，gape等具有特殊含义的动同，表示不同方式的“看”的动作，例如：

93）a．She regarded him thoughtfully．

b．She looked at him thoughtfully．

（她亲切地看着他。）

94）a．She scanned the doctor's face for a sign of hope．

b．She looked closely at the doctor's face for a sign of hope．

（她仔细看着医生的脸，想看到有一丝希望。）

95）a．He glanced round the room before he left．

b．He quickly looked round the room be- fore he left．

（他在离开以前迅速扫视一下房间。）

96）a．Several possible buyers are coming to view the house．

b．Several possible buyers are coming to see the house．

c．Several possible buyers are coming to look at the house．

（一些有意的买主要来看房子。）

97）a．He eyed me up and down．

b．He looked at me carefully．

c．He studied me closely．

d．He examined me for a long time．

（他上下打量我。／他仔细端详我。）

98）a．He peered at me over the top of his glasses．

b．He looked at me searchingly over the top of his glasses．

（他越过眼镜上端盯着我。）

99）a．She stared at him in surprise．

b．She looked at him with strange staring eyes．

（她惊异地盯着他。）

100）a．The children were gazing at the toys．

b．The children were looking at the toys with great interest．

（孩子们很感兴趣地看着那些玩具。）

101）a．He gaped at her in surprise．

b．He looked at her with his mouth open．

（他张口呆看着她。）

（7）感觉行为型动词可以用名词化方法，变为相应的名词，表示同样的概念，例如：

102）a．I looked at my watch quickly．

b．I took／gave a quick look at my watch．

（我很快地看我的手表一眼。）

103）a．She glanced at the newspaper headlines．

b．She took／gave／threw a glance at the newspaper headlines．

（她飞快地扫视一下报纸的标题。）

104）a．She stared at me rudely．

b．She gave me a rude stare．

（她无礼地盯着我。）

105）a．Smell this and tell me what it is．

b．Have／Take a smell at this and tell me what it is．

（你闻一下，给我说说这是什么东西。）

106）a．The dog was smelling（at） the tree．

b．The dog was taking／having a smell at the tree．

（这狗在嗅这棵树。）

107）a．The cook tasted the soup to see if he had put enough salt in it．

b．The cook took／had a taste of the soup to see if he had put enough salt in it．

（厨子尝了一下汤，看盐是否放够了。）
 C．感觉表现型动词：

感觉表现型动词表示外界事物对人的感觉器官刺激所产生的结果或表现，基本句型为 It looks／sounds／smells／tastes／feels／appears／seems＋adj．＋ to sb．例如：

108）a．I look at／examine the boat and find it small．

b．The boat looks small to me．

（在我看来这只船很小。）

109）a．We look at／examine the camera and find it pretty good．

b．The camera looks pretty good to us．

（在我们看来这个照相机相当好。）

110）a．She looks at／examines the watch and finds it expensive．

b．The watch looks expensive to her．

（在她看来这只表很贵。）

111）a．I listen to the music and find it pretty awful．

b．The music sounds pretty awful to me．

（在我听来这个曲子很刺耳。）

112）a．She smells／takes a smell of the food and finds it unpleasant．

b．The food smells unpleasant to her．

（她闻了一下这食物，觉得气味不好。）

113）a．He tasted／took a taste of the beer and found it bitter．

b．The beer tasted bitter to him．

（他尝了一下那啤酒，觉得味道很苦。）

114）a．I try the jacket and find it uncomfortable．

b．The jacket feels uncomfortable to me．

（我试了一下这件上衣，觉得不舒服。）

115）a．I find he is well this morning．

b．He appears well（to me）this morning．

（我发觉他今天早上精神很好。）

116）a．I find he is crazy．

b．He seems crazy to me．

（我觉得他这人疯疯癫癫的。）

117）a．I find your life-raft is unsafe．

b．Your life-raft seems unsafe to me．

（我看你的救生筏并不安全。）

118）a．It looked to me as if the doctor was a foreigner．

b．The doctor looked to me as if he was a foreigner．

c．The doctor looked（to me）like a foreigner．

d．The doctor looked foreign（to me）．

e．The doctor had a foreign look about him．

（我看这位医生像个外国人。）

这类动词一般没有进行时态，但是look是个例外，例如：

119）a．You look well．

b．You're looking well．

（你看来精神很好。）

D．感觉痛苦型动词：

感觉痛苦型动词表示人的身体或神经所受的痛苦，如feel，ache，hurt，itch，tingle，pain，sting，tickle及get on one's nerves，set one's teeth on edge等，这类动词本身表示延续性概念，使用或不使用进行时态，其含义是相同的，例如：

120）a．I feel hungry．

b．I am feeling hungry．

c．I am suffering from hunger．

（我觉得饿。）

121）a．My head aches badly．

b．My head is aching badly．

c．I have a bad headache．

d．I am suffering from a bad headache．

（我头痛得厉害。）

122）a．My left knee hurts．

b．My left knee is hurting．

（我的左膝痛。）

123）a．He itched all over．

b．He was itching all over．

c．He had an／the itch all over．

d．He suffered from an／the itch all over．

（他浑身发痒。）

124）a．His finger-tips tingled with the cold．

b．His finger-tips were tingling with the cold．

c．He had a tingle in his finger-tips because of the cold．

d．He suffered from a tingle in his fingertips because of the cold．

（他的指头冻得发痛。）

125）a．My foot doesn't pain me now．

b．My foot isn't paining me now．

c．I don't feel pain in my foot now．

（现在我的脚不痛了。）

126）a．The rain is stinging my eyes．

b．My eyes are stinging from the rain．

（雨水刺得我的眼睛发痛。）

127）a．Pepper tickled my nose．

b．My nose tickled when pepper got into it．

（胡椒粉刺得我的鼻子发痒。）

128）a．That noise gets on my nerves．

b．That noise sets my teeth on edge．

c．That noise upsets my nerves．

（那噪音使我神经紧张。）

在这类动词中，feel可以表示身体、精神或情感等方面的痛苦感觉，如 feel cold／hungry／sad／bad／discouraged／discontented／disappointed等.也可以表示积极的、肯定的、正面的情感，如feel happy／well／comfortable／sure／confident等。动词feel的这种用法，相当于动词be.例如：

129）a．He is confident of success．

b．He feels confident of success．

（他对成功颇有信心。）

130）a．We are not bound to accept the offer．

b．We don't feel bound to accept the offer．

（我们并不认为非得接受这个提议不可。）

动词feel可以用作上述四种类型的感觉性动词，现在举例区别如下：

131）a．I could feel something crawling up my arm．

b．I felt something crawling up my arm．

（我能感觉有个东西顺我的胳臂往上爬。）

132）a．I felt the water with my finger-tip，to see if it was hot．

b．I tried／touched the water with my fingertip，to see if it was hot．

（我用指尖试了一下水，看看是否热。）

133）a．I felt the water and found it hot．

b．The water felt hot to me．

（我觉得这水热一点。）

134）a．I felt hot when I walked in the sun．

（在太阳下走路我觉得很热。）

b．I felt hot when I ate the food with pepper．

（当吃有胡椒的食物时我觉得很辣。）

此外，动词feel及see，hear，后跟that从句时，不表示人体感觉，而表示思想认识，例如：

135）a．I feel（that） he is right．

b．I think（that） he is right．

（我觉得他是对的。）

136）a．I came to see that the plan was unwise．

b．I came to understand／realize that the plan was unwise．

（我逐渐认识到这个计划是不明智的。）

137）a．I heard that John would come．

b．I was told that John would come．

（我获悉约翰要来。）

句型 Sb．hears／finds oneself doing sth．不是表示感觉能力或感觉状态，而是表示“意外结果”（unexpected result）或“意外经历”（unexpected experience）。这个句型可以改为 Sb．is（unexpectedly） heard／found doingsth．或People（unexpectedly）hear／find sb．doing sth．，例如：

138）a．She heard herself saying afterwards to the amazement of her friends，“I've won the first prize．”

b．She was（unexpectedly）heard saying afterwards to the amazement of her friends，“I've won the first prize．

c．People（unexpectedly）heard her saying afterwards to the amazement of herfriends，“I've won the first prize．

（她的朋友们后来惊讶地听见她说：“我赢得头奖了。”）

139）a．One day a few weeks later he found himself sitting in a village house，facing an old man of about eighty．

b．One day a few weeks later he was （unexpectedly）found sitting in a village house，facing an old man of about eighty．

c．One day a few weeks later people （unexpectedly）found him sitting in a village house，facing an old man of about eighty．

（几星期后的一天，他没想到会坐在一所乡下小屋里，面对着一位大约八十岁的老人。）
 

（4）过渡型动词：

过渡型动词表示由一种状态向另一种状态过渡的动作。这类动词用于进行时态，不同于过程型动词，不是强调过渡动作本身的过程，而是着重表明接近于过渡的完成状态。这类动词表示“出现”（appearance）、“消失”（disappearance）、“消亡”（perish）、“出发”（departure）、“抵达”（arrival）、“升起”（rise）、“落下”（fall）、“开始”（beginning）、“停止”（stoppage）等起始终止阶段的概念。表示人或物“出现”概念的动词有appear，make one's appearance，come out，emerge等，例如：

83）a．Quite a lot of new actors and actresses are appearing on the stage．

b．Quite a lot of new actors and actresses are making their appearance on the stage．

（现在舞台上有许多新的男女演员出现。）

84）a．A large animal was emerging from the water．

b．A large animal was coming out of the water．

（一只庞大的动物正从水中露出。）

85）a．The moon was emerging from behind the cloud．

b．The moon was coming out from behindthe cloud．

（月亮正从云后面露出来。）

表示人或物“消失”概念的动词有disappear，vanish，fade away，lose等，例如：

86）a．Our difficulties are disappearing．

b．Our difficulties are going out of existence．

c．Our difficulties are passing from existence．

（我们的困难正在消除。）

87）a．The man was disappearing down the road．

b．The man was going out of sight down the road．

（这个人沿那路走下去而逐渐看不见了。）

88）a．The snow is disappearing．

b．The snow is melting．

（雪正在融化。）

89）a．This usage of the word is disappearing．

b．This usage of the word is going out of existence．

（这个字的这种用法正在消失。）

90）a．The sun was vanishing behind a cloud．

b．The sun was disappearing behind a cloud．

（太阳在一片云彩后面消失。）

91）a．Many kinds of animals are vanishing from the earth．

b．Many kinds of animals are becoming extinct from the earth．

c．Many kinds of animals are passing awayfrom the earth．

（许多种动物正在从地球上绝迹。）

92）a．The man was vanishing from sight in the distance．

b．The man was going out of sight in the distance．

（那人在远处逐渐看不见了。）

93）a．The coastline was fading into darkness．

b．The coastline was going slowly out of view in the darkness．

（海岸线在黑暗之中逐渐隐没。）

94）a．The noises were fading away in the distance．

b．The noises were going out of hearing in the distance．

（那噪音在远处逐渐消失。）

95）a．All memory of！his childhood was fading from his mind．

b．All memory of his childhood was going out of his mind．

c．He was losing all memory of his child－hood．

（童年往事慢慢从他脑中消逝。）

96）a．She is fading away．

b．She is losing strength．

（她体力日衰。）

97）a．He is losing his eyesight．

b．He is going blind．

（他的双目逐渐失明。）

表示人或物“消亡”概念的动词有die，pass away，perish，wither等，例如：

98）a．The old man was dying from cancer．

b．The old man was passing away because of cancer．

（这老人因患癌症而奄奄一息。）

99）a．The crops were dying because of lack of rain．

b．The crops were perishing because of lack of rain．

（这些庄稼因缺雨水而正在枯死。）

100）a．The leaves of this plant are dying off．

b．The leaves of this plant are dying one by one．

（这棵植物的叶子正一片一片枯萎掉。）