你的提问比较泛,希望今后能就具体问题作针对性的提问。试答如下,供参考:
1.this与that的用法:
1)this 表示“这”,指较近的人或物;that 表示“那”,指较远的人或物。如:
I want this book, not that book. 我要这本书,不是那本书。
This rope is longer than that one. 这根绳子比那根长。
2)用来回指上文提到的事情时,两者都可以。如:
They’re students, not teachers. You know this [that],of course. 他们是学生,不是老师,这点你当然清楚。
John had a bad cold. That [This] was why he didn’t turn up. 约翰患了重感冒,这(那)就是他没有来的原因。
注:若要指下文叙述的事情,通常要用 this。如:
I want to know this: Is he healthy? 我想知道这一点:他是否很健康。
3)在打电话时,通常用 this 指自己,用 that 指对方。如:
Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂,我是吉姆,你是约翰吗?
注:但在美国英语中指对方时也可用 this。
4)两者都可用作副词,与形容词或副词连用,其义为“这么”、“那么”(=so)。如:
It’s about this (that) high. 大约这(那)么高。
Is it this hot every day? 每天都有这么热吗?
2.代词it和that都可以指前面提到过的事物,it表“同一事物”;that表“同类事物”,它们的复数形式分别为them和those。比较:
The book must be there, or else you've lost it. 书一定在那儿,要不然就是你把它丢了。(it就是前面的the book,是“同一”)
These trips were strenuous, and the couple did not enjoy them. 一路舟车劳顿,这对夫妇玩得并不开心。(them是前面的these trips,是“同一”)
The weather in Guilin is quite different from that in Beijing. 桂林的天气与北京的天气大不相同。(两地的天气是“同类”,不是“同一”)
The squids are bigger than those I bought last week. 这些鱿鱼比我上周买的大。(两种鱿鱼是“同类”,不是“同一”)
3.one替代的是 a (an) + 可数名词单数,而 that 替代的是 the + 名词。the one可以用that替换,但在指代可数名词的单数时,人们常用the one而较少使用that。如:
I'll take the seat next to the one (= that) by the window. 我就坐在窗口的那个座位旁边。
▲ the one只能指可数名词,而that既可以指可数名词也可以指不可数名词,但that只指事物,具有特指性质。此外,that之后一定要跟修饰语。如:
The weather here is hotter than that in Guangzhou. 这里的天气比广州的热。(that指不可数名词,不能用the one替换。)
The laboratory in my school is larger than that in yours. 我们学校的实验室比你们学校的实验室大。(that指可数名词的单数,可以用the one替换。)
4.so是副词,用以避免重复, 尤其用于believe﹑ hope﹑ suppose﹑ tell﹑ say﹑ do之后。如:
-Is he coming? -I believe so. -他来吗? -我想他能来。
I'm not sure if I'll succeed, but I certainly hope so. 我不知道我能不能成功, 当然我希望能成功了。
They think she may try to phone. If so, someone must stay here. 他们认为她可能来电话.要是这样的话, 就得有人守在这儿。
5.do(did)是代动词,指代前面提到过的动词(或动词+宾语;动词+表语;动词+状语)以避免重复。如:
You look terrific, Ann. You really do(=look terrific). 安,你看起来太迷人了。真的。
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