2018-01-19 00:05 回答被采纳
2017-11-01 18:35 回答被采纳
2017-09-04 22:25 回答问题
您问的这个问题非常大而难。我只能根据您问的问题,提供一些学习的建议。1)英语中的“被动结构”有很多种形式。关于被动结构的总论,可以参见Geoffrey K. Pullum的论文《Fear and Loathing of the English Passive》(www.lel.ed.ac.uk/~gpullum/passive_loathing.html)2)非谓语结构在句中要么是独立存在的状语,要么是其它成分的补足成分。前一种情况下,选择哪一种结构取决于语义,例如不定式表达目的,现在分词作独立主格表达同时发生的事情。而在后一种情况下,选择哪一种结构主要取决于其所依赖的那一成分,俗语所谓“固定搭配”,语言学谓之“管约”。例如happy的后面既可以是不定式,也可以是现在分词分句,但是不能是过去分词分句:They're happy to see me back.Peterborough will be happy knowing that they are signing a highly regarded player.关于这一点可以参阅《The Cambridge Grammar》第14章3)非谓语结构独立存在时,它的逻辑主语一般都是句子的主语;但是如果它依赖其它结构而存在,那么其逻辑主语同样受到该结构的管约。例如:I expect him to submit the paper before the end of the month.(不定式的逻辑主语是句子的宾语)I am happy to follow you.(不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语)I helped to clean up the mess.(不定式是一个包含我的不明确群体)The pizza is too hot to eat.(不定式没有明确的逻辑主语,其宾语是句子的主语)关于这些具体的用法,最好的学习方法就是查词典。
2017-09-04 22:00 回答问题
新学期开始了,工作很忙,可能没有多少时间在这里答题了。------------------------------------系表结构是指动词为系动词,以表语为动词的补足成分的结构,这一定义并不涉及时态。也就是说,所有其它结构中所能出现的时态,理论上系表结构也都是可以使用的。She is ill.She was ill yesterday.She has been a professor for six years.She had been a professor before she started the company.She is/has been becoming increasingly stubborn.-------------------------------------在决定使用哪一种时态时,有如下一些问题要考虑:1)区分系动词表达的是一种状态还是一个过程。表达状态的动词,可以直接用现在时表示“从过去持续到现在”:She is ill并不表示“她现在起病了”,而是“她从某一时刻开始病了,并且持续到现在,可能持续到将来”。而表达过程的动词则不同。例如become:He became more careful after the accident.它表达的是“从某一刻起变得更仔细”。如果要表达正在发生的转变,用进行时或完成进行时:The prospect of conflict over North Korea is becoming increasingly real.For some time FoxNews coverage has been becoming more mainstream than in the years past.2)去世的人、过去发生的事件,一般不用现在时,用过去时。但如果表达的是它们留给人们的印象,那么使用现在时:A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers.(贝多芬)3)当主语是能永久保存的资料,如图书、照片等,一般用现在时:Moby-Dick is a novel by American writer Herman Melville.
2017-08-27 00:06 回答问题
a drop they attribute ......是一个补充语(Supplement),对前面的分句作出进一步的解释。现代语法理论中的“补充语”,涵盖了传统语法中的“同位语”“非限定性定语从句”“插入语”“独立主格”等等。(The Cambridge Grammar pp.1356-1362)它认为,补充语与主句在句法结构上是松散的,只在语义上关系紧密。所以很难说这里的a drop修饰的到底是原句的什么成分。如果强行要说修饰了什么,应当是the number of foreign visitors to decrease这个整体。
2017-08-25 01:36 回答问题
这里的concerned不是动词而是形容词。有若干种方法可以将动词和形容词区分开来:1)动词后面可以直接出现名词词组(宾语),但是形容词一般不可以,这个规则只有四个特例(due, like, unlike, worth)。2) seem, look等动词后面可以接形容词,但是不能接动词。3) very, too等副词可以修饰形容词,但是不能修饰动词。
2017-08-25 01:14 回答问题
首先,把dramatize译作“戏剧化地表明”,是很生硬的理解。很难用一个汉语词来表达dramatize的含义,它的语义大致是“用形象生动的方法来突出强调”。如果把这句话缩句,答案就很明显了:The statistics dramatize the search nowhere more than here.假如nowhere more than here是定语的话,那么它对the search起限定作用,所以这句话的意思是“统计数据没有突出任何比这个地方更大规模的搜寻”(暗示更大规模的搜寻存在)实际上nowhere more than here不可能是定语。nowhere是一个副词,不是形容词,它也不像here, there, home等“方位副词”一样可以用来修饰名词。所以nowhere more than in the Far West是一个状语,修饰dramatize。这句话我认为可以翻译为:在1980年普查数据的生动刻画中,没有任何地方人们对舒适宽敞的生活的追寻比远西地区的更突出了。
2017-08-24 23:53 回答问题
先不急着套用语法理论的模型,我们来看一看实际情况下shouldn't have to和should have to是如何使用的。Mike Tallis had been going to Dr. Howard Diamond, a longtime pain management physician, for prescription painkillers for injuries he said he sustained at his job a decade ago. But when Tallis arrived that Tuesday, July 18, at Diamond's office, he found the doors locked and the office empty. Diamond had been arrested earlier that month on federal drug conspiracy charges that included conspiracy to distribute controlled substances, possession with intent to distribute controlled substances, health care fraud, aiding and abetting, and money laundering. "I shouldn't have to bury her," her sister, Kaylynn Curtis-Rhodes, told ABC affiliate WFAA. "I shouldn't have to get to the cemetery to see my sister."这一段话的背景是医生滥用药物造成病人死亡。这里的shouldn't当然可以作认知性情态理解,即隐含了医生没有滥用药物的条件:If he had not been involved in the conspiracy, I shouldn't have to bury her.但是这里的shouldn't语用上又不仅仅表达推测,它还带有很强烈的谴责的情态:医生不应该滥用药物。因此应当将这里should的用法划入道义性情态,以与下面这种仅表达推测的should区分开来:If he had left yesterday, he should be here now.道义性情态有一种很特殊的现象,就是表面上看是“这个人应该”,实际上却是“另一个人应该”。比如:You shall have your money back tomorrow. (The Cambridge Grammar p.194)这里表面上看是“你应该明天收到钱”,实际上是我在向你承诺“明天你会收到钱”。既然有承诺的语义成分,就应当划入道义性情态。I shouldn't always have to tell you what to do.这句话也是同样的情况:表面上是“我应该不用告诉你”,实际上暗含的是“你应该自己知道怎么做”,也就是道义性情态。------------------------------------然后我们看一看should have to怎么用。Nobody should have to wait over three years to get a placement in long-term care when they need it.这句话表面上看是should have to,可是它的主语是带有否定意义的nobody,所以它本质上依然是shouldn't have to。He questioned why his 83-year-old father should have to go to a pub to watch games which are shown only on Sky.这句话中的should本身几乎没有独立的情态意义,它的作用是加强疑问的语气:我为什么就非要去那里观看比赛?Mr McIntyre said he did not believe the Canterbury Rugby Union should have to contribute to the building costs.这句话中的should同样没有自身的情态,而是用来加强believe的语气:我不相信我们竟然要承担建筑费用。这种用来加强句中其它成分的语气的should,语言学上称作“情态协调”(Modal Harmony, p.179)。They should have to publish their business address and the fact that they run alongside an other business.这一句话的背景是一家公司隐瞒了对消费者有用的信息。作者的意思是“应当设立相关规定,强制公司披露这些信息”。所以“应当”和“必须”放在一起并不是矛盾的。
2017-08-23 11:18 发起提问
2017-08-22 12:16 回答问题
这句话中的should并不是虚拟语气,而是陈述语气。虚拟语气的一大特征是它的范围包含情态。观察:If I were you, I would accept the operation.这里will已经不仅仅是将来时标记了,它还包含了“愿意”的情态含义在其中。这句话人们不会仅仅理解为“你不接受做手术”,而是认为你主观上不愿意接受这个手术(而不是其它原因阻止你接受手术)。If contradictions were derivable, we could in fact prove every single proposition.这里的虚拟语气所暗含的并非“我们没有证明所有命题”,而是“我们无法证明所有证明”那么,假如If you know London so well, you shouldn't have got so hopelessly lost这句话中的should是虚拟语气的话,那么作者的意思就应当是“事实上你应该迷路”,而这显然是错误的理解:作者想说的是“事实上你却迷路了”。所以这里的should没有虚拟语气的意思在里面,只是普通的情态标记:你不应该在这里迷路了。参见A Comprehensive Grammar条目4.56和The Cambridge Grammar p.186