问道《英语语法大全》
一、wish疑难在祝愿
近日刷网,见某君十余年来刊发数文,论权威英语工具书之谬误,于张道真先生《英语语法大全》评析尤多。作者引经据典,洋洋宏论,指正谬误凡数十处。惊恐之余,遂虔心拜读。然开篇未几,即疑窦丛生,以我高中英语学力之浅薄,以为此君似有多处未臻至善。于是我搜网寻典,欲探究竟。其实前辈学者治学严谨,讲究文有出处,言有所本,惜先贤已去,空留余响,未能予我等解惑释疑。门外汉如我,不惮鄙陋,将学习笔记敷衍成文,望各位方家勘误指谬,以启愚蒙。
问难张先生的文章名为“张道真《英语语法大全》中动词搭配错误例析”,“英语语法大全_下_中的错误”,“《英语语法大全》中英语句法错误浅析”。但凡鸿著,必有缺漏,如印刷,遗漏,疏忽及错误。我们学习名家大作时,但有疑虑,应秉持大胆怀疑小心求证的原则,不宜早下结论,贻笑大方事小,误人子弟恶甚。故我把所疑所持所解列出,以求正解。且以wish为所愿之始吧。
先引原文:
1.“I wish he may die. ( P487) 原文有误,宜改为:I wish he might die. 动词wish 后所跟宾语从句,表示无法实现的愿望,宾语中的谓语动词,总是要用虚拟语气。”
2.“I wish that you will always be happy. 原句有误,wish+that从句表示无法实现的愿望,宾语从句中的谓语动词总是要用虚拟语气。(赵振才2005:1635)因此,原句宜改为I hope that he will always be happy. ”
一般语法书对wish的通常用法讲解详尽,但作为语法大全,张先生则加入了些不常用但偶有遇到的例子,因为此书面对的应该是有基础的学习者。其依据不可考,但国内可见书籍有相关例证,引如下:
A.《英美语惯用法辞典》(日)井上昌义P. 916,may 词条下:
【雅语】大多用于接在表可能、要求、希望、依赖、悬念等的主句之后的名词从句中。翻译时不能明确表达:
It is impossible that he may come tomorrow. 他明天不会来。
I hope I may live to see the day. 我希望活到那一天到来。
I wish you may succeed. 祝你成功。
I desire that it may not die. 我不想它死。
【注意】请注意如下区别:
I hope (=I wish) you may succeed. 祝你成功。
I hope (=I think) you will succeed. 我想你会成功。
I wish he may recover. 祝他康复。
I wish he would recover. 但愿他会康复。(实在困难)
B.《英语强势句》张文庭 P. 144
包含赌咒词语的强调句型:
1. If 从句与包含赌咒词语的主句连用,强调地表示If从句的反面的意义,在这种句型中,主句可以有下面一些形式:
……
I’ll die (or I wish I may die, etc.)
I wish I may die if I like it. 我真不喜欢它。
C.《英语动词用法详解》刘国善 P. 232
I wish I might not have my labor in vain. (比较从句用直陈语气的 I wish it may not prove a failure. )我希望我的努力不致落空。(我希望事情不会失败)
D.《葛传槼英语惯用法词典》P. 674
I wish to see him immediately. 我要立刻见他。
I wish I may see him immediately. 希望我可以立刻见他。
I wish I could see him immediately. 但愿我能够【实际不能】立刻见到他。
注意:(1)第二句不很普通(2)第三句里不用can而用could。
E.《英语语法大全》张道真 P. 436 亦有讲述:
880. 虚拟语气有时可用在主句后由that引起的从句中。主要有下面几种情况:(1)在wish或would that 后的从句中使用(that有时可以省略),谓语多用虚拟过去时(谈现在情况)或虚拟过去完成时(谈过去情况):
I wish he might recover soon.
I wish he would not trouble us again.
但是:
I wish (or hope ) he may (or will ) come no more. (间或用陈述语气)
至此,wish 后面名词从句的语气问题算是解决了一半。下面我再引些无本之文,为网上所搜,据信为OED《牛津英语词典》摘录:
wish:
a. transitive. To have or feel a wish for; to desire. The ordinary word for this; now always less emphatic than the synonyms covet, crave, long (for), yearn (for); in earlier use occasionally in the sense of these. Sometimes softened by could or should (would): cf. ᴄᴀɴ v. ¹ 17,Sʜᴀʟʟ v. 19c,ᴡɪʟʟ v. ¹40c; or strengthened before a subordinate clause (1b, 2c) by such phrases as to God, to goodness, to heaven.
(a) with simple object (in Old English usually in the genitive). Now dialect; superseded in standard English by wish for (see 2), or colloquial in certain contexts by want (ᴡᴀɴᴛ v. 10).
(b) with object clause with may or (formerly) present subjunctive, occasionally indicative: expressing a desire that the event may happen or that the fact may prove to be so, and often implying some want of confidence or fear of the opposite (now commonly expressed by hope: see ʜᴏᴘᴇ v. 3b). Also expressing a request (see 5).
(c) with object clause with past subjunctive (or indicative, e. g. was for were): expressing an unrealized or unrealizable desire (see also ᴡɪʟʟ v. ¹ 46a), or in modern use sometimes a mild request (cf. 5). to wish to God: to wish intensely.
复述重点——与使用may或者(以前)虚拟现在式,间或直陈式的宾语从句连用:表达事情可能会发生,或者情况可能被证实的愿望,经常隐含着有些信心不足或害怕事情反面的意思。(现在通常用hope表达)。还可表达要求、请求。
再来看一首摇篮曲:
Star light, star bright,
The first star I see tonight;
I wish I may, I wish I might,
Have the wish I wish tonight. (shooting star)
由此看来,众口一词的wish必用虚拟式说法是片面的,重点就是没搞清楚,用什么语气形式是根据wish后从句的意思而定的。追溯历史,这种直陈式用法其实是久已有之。
回到本问题,I wish he may die 改为I wish he might die. 这个句子就合乎惯用法了吗?绝非如此!这要看语境和语义。某些表祝愿或诅咒的话,用表猜测且可能性很低的might有嫌语义矛盾(semantically or pragmatically anomalous),用would表示主句主语的意愿,虽然可能性不高。而might则显得犹疑不定模棱两可的样子,与这个wish主语的意愿有些矛盾。请看下面的例子都是用would。
I wish he would die soon. 《英语语法难题集释》张克礼 P. 312
I wish I would die. Fiction Plane 歌曲名
I wish you would die. Matt Ward 歌曲名
I wish you would die, so I’d be rid of you. Eleni Roda 歌曲名
对比下面例句可看出 would, might 的区别:
1. Some nights, I close my eyes and wish that I might die.——《The New York Times - Magazine》
2. Sometimes I wish he would die and set me free.——《The New York Times—Health》
3. I hate his fat face, I wish he would die.——《The Guardian》
4. Sweetheart, Daddy's very sick and I'm afraid he might die.——《The New York Times》
5. He might die a little earlier.——《The New Yorker》
例句是搜索wish might die 得到的,只有一句用了might die,而这一例是自己闭上眼睛想,希望自己会死去。想想而已,应该是由于其它客观原因促使他甚至想,要是可能死去就好了。其它两例有明显原因希望别人会死,主观上愿望强烈,所以用would,虽然主语知道不可能。这种语义问题其实和语法书上讲wish后would用法很相似。即它们主语应该不相同,否则逻辑有问题(L. G. Alexander+A. J. Thomson,A. V. Martinet)。
张先生第二个例句“I wish that you will always be happy.”似乎是源于节日或庆典时的祝福。如:
I wish that your every single day becomes special.
I wish that my children will grow up happy and healthy.
等都是英美人祝福语中常用的句子。再引数例,作为对wish此类用法的补充,即对生日,爱情,友情的心愿和祝福。心情大家体会,当可增进理解。(因为是网上所搜到的,似为国外网站,所以应该有些代表性,但里面也有些语法问题,比如ears后面为求形式一致,用了单数动词形式。有条件的诸位不妨请native speaker验证下这种用法之正误。)
I wish that the shoulder you rest your head upon is always mine. I wish the hand that supports you is mine. I wish the ears that listen to you when you talk is mine. I just want to be there for you always and forever. Happy Birthday to you,my angel!
——https://quotelicious. com/love-quotes-for-her/
Missing someone isn't all about how long it's been since you have seen each other. It's about that very moment when you are doing something and you wish they were right here. I always wish that you are with me.
——https://www. wishesmsg. com/long-distance-relationship-messages/
And I wish we will always be together forever and until the end of time. I love you so much more than you could ever imagine.
——https://lovetextmessages. com. ng/romantic-loving-you-letters-him-her/
第二句wish明显用了两种语气,前面是一般性描述,用虚拟式,最后是个人当时真正祝愿,希望成真,所以用直陈式。个人认为,这种场合里的wish带着文化内涵的积淀,是发自内心的心愿,极其希望成真,也有很大可能性成真,但说话人又有些信心不足,很应景。在此情况下,贺卡中很多人用hope,保证了语言的正确性,但二者的感情色彩实在不同。
作为佐证,我们再看看吴祖培《英语动词语法》(复旦大学出版社)中接直陈式的例子(P. 89):现代英语中越来越倾向于将上述名词性从句的should省略掉,而宾语从句中的that本身就是常常被省略掉的。但有时候,上述各类从句也会有不使用虚拟语气的情况,如wish后面的宾语从句用直陈语气的时候并不少见。这是符合英语现代惯用法的,所表达的大抵是实现可能性比较大的愿望。从下面的比较中可以看出这两种用法的区别来:
Tomorrow is my birthday. I wish you two will come. 明天是我生日,希望你们二位能来。(估计来的可能性比较大)
比较:
Tomorrow is my birthday. I wish you two would come. (但也许你们二位不会来)
I wish I can live to see his success. 希望我能活着看到他获得成功。(我能活到那一天的)
比较:
I wish I could live to see his success. (但是我身体极有可能活不到他成功的那天了)
I wish it may not prove a failure. 希望这事不会失败。(说话人不希望事情会失败)
比较:
I wish I might not have my labor in vain. 但愿这事儿不会失败。(用might这种形式本身就暗示着有可能失败)
(这两句和刘国善《英语动词用法详解》上相同。)
至此,个人认为,may用法的正确性得到确认,wish后直陈式也确实是偶有所见,而现在时虚拟则更少见些。作为外语学习者,我们平时应该遵循一般语法书上使用过去时虚拟语气的规则,而这些不常见的用法,我们也应该有所了解,心头少了疑惑,学习才轻松自信。古人云“吾知之,吾不言”,我们也不妨姑且知之,而不习之。
下面再列举一些现在时虚拟式例句作为本文结尾。
I wish it be done immediately. (可用be型虚拟语气表示虚拟可能情况)
希望这事马上完成。刘国善《英语动词用法详解》
Wish, by gor! whale eat him, 'stead of him eat whale.
天啊,但愿鲸把他吃了,不要叫他吃鲸。「白鲸记」
Mom, come on, I haven't given someone a wedgie in months. I…I just wish he grow up.
妈妈,我有好几个月没跟谁决裂了,我只是希望他能够长大。
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