情态助动词will在if条件分句中的应用
■倪肖丁
条件分句中用现在时表示将来,这是传统语法的规则之一。例如:
(01)I’ll phone you if I have time.
(02)If you see him, give him this note.
上述两例中,if分句不能用will have和will see。
于是,英语初学者通常不敢在if分句中用will,发现if分句中有will就认为是错误。
但事实上,作为情态助动词,will在不少情况下可用于if条件分句。这些具体用法的分类或见仁见智,本文参考Swan,Alexander和Martin Hewings等学者的意见结合交际功能,试将will用于if条件分句的用法描述如下:
1. 表示意志(volition)
多数学者把意志细分为意图(intention)和愿意(willingness)。前者主要表达内在的要求或打算(例03-05),意思与“想要”接近;后者通常与外部需求有关(例06-08),意思与“愿意”接近。
在这两个语境中,will可用于if分句。例如:
(03)If you will gossip about other people, you can't expect others not to gossip about you.
(04)If you will take this chair, I will take that one.
(05)I'll buy the red wine if you'll buy the white.
(06)We’ll carry these for you if he won’t.
(07)If you won't stop smoking, you can only expect to have a bad cough. (i.e. if you are unwilling to stop smoking,...)
(08)I'd be grateful if you will/would let me know soon.
2. 表示请求(request)
if... will可用于含蓄而礼貌地要求对方,或通过对方要求第三者(句11),做某事。例如:
(09)If you will follow me, ladies and gentlemen, I'll take you to the next gallery.
(10)If you will take your seats, ladies and gentlemen, we can begin the meeting.
(11)If your mother will complete this form, I’ll prepare her ticket.
(12)If you’ll wait here, I’ll see if the manager is ready.
(13)If you will allow me to give my opinion, I think that it lies with you to point out directly the steps you consider necessary to end the position.
也用于回应对方主动提供的帮助(offer)。例如:
(14)--Shall I hold the door open for you?
-- Yes, if you will / would.
这一用法相当于Would you please...? 表达的实际上是委婉的要求,说话者的态度带有明显倾向性。这与前一节中所述if...will表示意志有较大区别,后者通常是态度中性的(neutral)或开放性的条件(open condition),为相关方做出选择留有空间。
3. 表示决心/坚持(determination/ insistence)
will可用于表示“固执己见”,通常具有批评或抱怨不良习惯或心态之意。主句多表达出由此造成的后果。例如:
(15)If you WILL eat so much, it’s not surprising you feel ill. (= If you insist on eating so much ....)
(16)If you will go, you may go at once.
(17)If you will stay up so late, then of course you'll feel tired.
此时的will在口语中须重读,书写时可以用大写字母以强调不满情绪。
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