语音和构词法
掌握发音规则和构词法是记住单词的两个必要条件
条件一:必须掌握的发音规则例词
例词:
/i:/meter, meet, cheat, believe, receive, machine
/ɑ:/ garden, father
/ɔ:/ story, store, door, walk,war, , course
/ɜ:/her, bird, work, church, early
/u:/ computer, prove, tooth, soup, news
/ɪ/ big, physics, decide, orange
/ʌ/duck, enough, money
/ɒ/ boss, want,borrow
/ə/ teacher, doctor, surprise, ahead, today, famous, pleasure
/ʊ/push, foot, should, woman
/e/bed, bread
/æ/catch
/eɪ/face, rain, say, weight, they
/aɪ/ decide, shy
/ɔɪ/ soil, toy
/əʊ/ nose, coat, snow
/aʊ/ cow, house
/ɪə/ beer, hear, here
/eə/ chair, share, pear, there
/ʊə/ sure, poor, tour
秘诀:除r音节外,字母组合音一般发第一个元音的名称音(如ee, ea, ai, ay, oa, ow等)。
例词:
/p/ pipe
/t/ tea, night, doubt
/k/ music, kind, cock, chemist
/f/ five, elephant, cough
/s/ sit, class, police
/θ/ thin
/ʃ/ she, special, Asia, nation, machine
/tʃ/ much, watch
/tr/ tree
/ts/ seats
/h/ hot, who
例词
/b/ bubble
/d/ doctor
/g/ bag
/v/ very
/z/ puzzle, visit
/ð/ this
/dʒ/ jeep, large, fridge
/ʒ/ pleasure
/dr/ children
/dz/ hands
/r/ red, write
/j/ yesterday
/w/ what, week
/l/ life, small
/m/ monkey, autumn
/n/ not, knife
/ŋ/ morning, uncle
★分清开音节与闭音节:元音结尾开音节,辅音结尾闭音节;元音是个人,辅音是扇门;元音元音往前走,没有阻挡是开口,辅音阻挡是闭口,地下通道是开口(e像出口)。
★辅音字母不发音的主要情况归纳
1. 词首kn中的k,例如:knife; know; knot
2. 词首wh中的h,例如:whale; wheel; white
3. 词首wr中的w,例如:write; wrestle; wrong
4. 词尾mb中的b,例如:climb; tomb; comb
5. 词尾mn中的n,例如:autumn; damn; column
6. 词尾bt中的b,例如:debt; doubt; doubtful
7. 词尾gn中的g,例如:sign; foreign; campaign
8. 词尾dge中的d和e,例如:bridge; fridge; judge
9. 词尾alf/k/m中的l,例如:half; talk; calm
10. 词尾ght中的gh,例如:fight; thought; eight
11. 词尾stle中的t和e,例如:castle; whistle; hustle
12. tch中的t,例如:catch; fetch; kitchen; butcher
条件二:必须掌握的构词法
1.常见的前缀(词性不变词义变)
★ dis- 表示“不;反面”:discover,disappear,disobey
★ in- / im- / il- / ir- 表示“不;非”:invisible,illegal,irresponsible
★ mis-表示“误”:mistake,misunderstand,mislead
★ un-表示“不”:unfit,unfair,unknown
★ re-表示“重复;再”:rebuild,recycle
★ co-表示“共同;平等”:cooperate,coexist
★ mini- 表示“小”,常和名词连用:mini-cab,mini-skirt
★ over- 表示“过度”:overcharge,overeat,overwork
★ super- 表示“超级的”:superman,supermarket
★ pre- 表示“在…之前”:vice-chairman,vice-president
★ post- 表示“后”:post-war,post-election
★ tele- 表示“远程”:telephone,telecom,telescope
注:极少数前缀改变了词性,如:sleep →asleep(表状态),courage → encourage(表施加)。
2.常见的后缀(词义不变词性变)
(1)以下后缀构成具体名词
★ -er / -or表示“动作者;人”:teacher,singer,visitor,doctor
★ -ess 表示“女性;雌性”:waitress,actress,hostess
★ -ese 表示“语言;人”:Chinese,Japanese
★ -ist 表示“人;主义者”:communist,scientist,artist
★ -ian表示“人”:musician,politician,Russian
★ -ful 表示“充满”:spoonful,handful,mouthful
(2)以下后缀常构成抽象名词
★ -ment表示“运动;结果”:development,movement,government
★ -ness表示“状态;性质”:kindness,darkness,carelessness
★ -sion表示“动作;状态”:discussion,decision,inversion
★ -tion表示“动作;状态”:action,attention,education
★ -ity表示“性质;特征”:ability,possibility,activity
★ -al表示“行为;结果”:refusal,arrival,survival
★ -ing 表示“物质;活动”:farming,gardening,reading
★ -dom 表示“集体;领域”:freedom,kingdom,wisdom
★ -ry / -ery / -ary表示“性质;场所”:grocery,dictionary
★ -ship 表示“状态;身份”:friendship,membership,hardship
★ -ism 表示“主义;行为;特征”:communism,socialism
★ -hood 表示“身份;性质”:childhood,neighbourhood
(3)常见的形容词后缀
★ -al表示“…的”:national,chemical,practical
★ -an表示“…的”: American,Italian
★ -able/-ible表示“能够”:reasonable,suitable,terrible
★ -ern表示“方向”:southern,eastern,western
★ -ful表示“充满”:beautiful,helpful,useful
★ -ish表示“属于;稍微”:British,childish,foolish
★ -ive表示“性质;倾向”:active,attractive,expensive
★ -less表示“无…的”: harmless,homeless
★ -y表示“充满;具有…性质的”:rainy,dirty,wealthy
★ -ly表示“具有…特点”:friendly,sisterly,weekly
★ -ic表示“具有…特点”:historic,specific,heroic
★ -ous表示“与…有关”:famous,continuous,dangerous
(4)常见的动词后缀
★ -en:deepen,loosen,quicken
★ -ize:modernize,industrialize,organize
★ -ify:electrify,beautify,simplify
(5)常见的副词后缀
★ -ly:quickly,happily,truly
★ -ward(s):downwards,eastwards
B.合成
1.合成名词
★名词+名词:bookcase,photoshop
★形容词+名词:deadline,highway
★动词+名词:pickpocket,playground
★名词+动词:haircut,heartbeat,daybreak
★动词-ing +名词:dining-room,washing machine
★名词+动词-ing:sightseeing,handwriting
2.合成形容词
★名词+形容词:homesick,seasick,duty-free
★名词+动词-ing:peace-loving,time-saving
★名词+过去分词:heartfelt,homemade
★形容词/副词+动词-ing:good-looking,hard-working
★形容词/副词+过去分词:newborn,newly-built
★数词+名词+形容词:three-meter-long,five-year-old
★形容词+名词-ed:cold-blooded,absent-minded
3.合成代词
★代词+self:myself,themselves
★代词+one/body:anyone,everybody
★代词+thing:anything,something
4.合成副词
★代词+where:somewhere,everywhere
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