过去分词，属于英语动词的一个语法范畴。它跟动词不定式、动名词和现在分词一样，是“非谓语动词”的形式之一。它在句中主要作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。过去分词的构成是“动词原形+ed”，不规则动词的过去分词需单独记忆。过去分词只有一种形式，没有进行体和完成体。因为“being done”不叫过去分词的进行时，而是现在分词的被动式；“having been done”不是过去分词的完成时，而是现在分词的完成被动式。
英语过去分词若干疑难问题综合分析（一）
——兼答过去分词的迷惑与疑难
■刘永科（山东）
一、过去分词用法概述
过去分词的语法作用，是人教版高中英语必修5的一个重要语法项目，该内容几乎贯穿于全册当中。鉴于课本和一般语法书都对此作了较为详尽的论述，本文仅对过去分词的一些特殊问题做一探讨，以期抛砖引玉。
过去分词，属于英语动词的一个语法范畴。它跟动词不定式、动名词和现在分词一样，是“非谓语动词”的形式之一。它在句中主要作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。过去分词的构成是“动词原形+ed”，不规则动词的过去分词需单独记忆。过去分词只有一种形式，没有进行体和完成体。“being done”不是过去分词的进行体，而是现在分词的被动式；“having been done”不是过去分词的完成体，而是现在分词的完成被动式。
学过语法的人都知道，过去分词具有“被动”和“完成”两大特征。这是为什么呢？因为这一切皆缘于：过去分词跟be构成被动语态，跟have (had) 构成完成时态这个事实。过去分词无论在句中作何种成分，被其修饰的成分或其逻辑主语与它的关系一般是被动的关系，而且往往具有完成的意味。
1.过去分词跟be构成被动语态：A large number of trees
were planted around our school.
2.过去分词跟have (had) 构成完成时态：Tom has passed his final English examination.
关于过去分词的语法作用，一般语法书都对此作了较为详尽的论述。鉴于此，本文不作详细赘述。过去分词（短语）在句中可以充当定语、表语、宾补和状语：
John Snow helped the ordinary people exposed to cholera. (作定语)
The teacher was pleased with my
answer to the question. (作表语)
The foreigner tried to make himself understood, but
failed. (作宾补)
Seen from space, the Great Wall looks
like a huge dragon. (作状语)
二、用过去分词还是用现在分词的被动式？
过去分词和被动形式的现在分词，虽然是两个不同的概念，但有时候用法十分接近，有时候差别还很大，这要视具体句子作出判断。前面说过，过去分词只有一种形式，没有进行体，也没有完成体。因此，请注意识别以下问题：
written (过去分词)
being written (现在分词的被动式)
having been written (现在分词的完成被动式)
以上三种形式，它们的共同特点都表“被动”，这一点毫无疑问，但差别是很大的。下面让我们通过实例比较它们的差异。
【第一组】
1. The book written by Mr
Brown is very instructive. 布朗先生写的那本书很有教育意义。
written by Mr Brown 是“过去分词”作定语，表示“”。相当于一个过去时或现在完成时的定语从句：The book which was (has been) written by Mr Brown is very instructive.
2. The book being written
by Mr Brown is going to be published next month. 布朗先生正在写的那本书将在下月出版。
being written by Mr
Brown 是“现在分词的被动式”作定语，表示“被动和进行”。相当于一个进行时的定语从句：The book which is being written by Mr Brown is going to be published next
month.
3. The book having been
written by Mr Brown is very instructive. (误)
本句存在语法错误。“现在分词的完成被动式”只能作状语用，表示其动作早于谓语动词的动作，但不能作定语。
【第二组】
1. She heard her name
called just a moment ago. 刚才她听见有人叫她的名字。
called是过去分词作宾补，表示“被动和完成”。
2. She heard her name
being called from behind and stopped to look back. 她听见有人在后面一直叫她的名字，就停下来向后看。
being called是现在分词的被动语态作宾补，表示“被动和进行”。
3. She heard her name
having been called from behind and stopped to look back. (误)
本句存在语法错误。“现在分词的完成被动式”只能作状语用，表示其动作早于谓语动词的动作，但不能作宾补。
【第三组】
1. Set up more than one
hundred years ago, this school is very famous in the city. 这所学校成立于100多年前，在本市很有名。
2. Being watched by so
many people then, she felt very nervous at the stage. 当时由于那么多人在观看她，所以她在台上很紧张。
用在句首作状语时，“过去分词”表示“被动和完成”；而“现在分词的被动式”表示“被动和进行”。
【第四组】
1. Tired out after a long walk, they had to stop at the
foot of the mountain for a rest.
2. Being tired out after a long walk, they had to stop
at the foot of the mountain for a rest.
作状语时，分词表示“状态”而不是“动作”的情况下，“过去分词”和“现在分词的被动式”都可以用，意思几乎没有差别。又如：
Satisfied (=Being satisfied) with his experiment, the professor went out of
his office merrily.
Seated (=Being seated) around the table, we listened to the chairman
attentively.
Unemployed (=Being unemployed), he hasn’t got much money.
Well taken care of (=Being well taken care of), she recovered quickly.
【重要提示】
1. 单个的形容词作原因状语，这时应加being，变成非谓语动词，即：现在分词。非谓语动词作状语非常自然。例如：
Being ill, he can’t attend today’s meeting.
Being hungry, they had to look for food.
2. 如果是分词形容词（由过去分词变来的形容词），加不加 being 均可，因为它曾经是分词，本身就是非谓语动词。例如：
(Being) worried about his health, she couldn’t sleep.
(Being) surprised at the news, he kept asking how.
3. 如果是形容词词组作原因状语，加不加 being 均可。例如：
(Beng) seriously ill, Tom couldn’t go to school.
(Being) sad over the news, she cried all day.
个人看法：语言追求简练，但也应避免单调。单个的形容词之前加 being，主要是为了避免单调。一个形容词读起来会非常唐突，像 ill 和 angry。若是Being ill，Being hungry则很自然。
【第五组】
1. Compared with them, we
still have a long way to go. 和他们相比，我们还有很长的路要走。
2. Having been shown
around the library, we were taken to the lab. 带着参观了图书馆后，我们又被带去参观实验室。
过去分词 Compared with them 作条件状语，与句子谓语动词发生的时间没有先后之分，或者先后时间不明确。句1相当于If we are compared with them, we still have a long way to go. 而“现在分词的完成被动式”Having been shown the library 一定早于句子谓语动词发生的时间，句2相当于After we had been shown around the library, we were taken to the lab. 一般来讲，只要动作早于谓语动词发生的时间，而且又是被动意义，就应使用“现在分词的完成被动式”。又如：
Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless
we chained our dog up. 邮递员被狗咬了两次之后要我们把狗拴起来，不然就不给我们送信了。
Having been asked to stay, I couldn’t very well leave. 既然要我留下，我就不好走了。
句中的having been asked
to stay有两层意思：一是“要我留下”在先，“我不好离开”在后，这就是使用现在分词完成式的原因；二是“我”与“要求”之间为被动关系，即“我”是“被”要求留下的，而不是我自动留下的，说明这里应该使用被动式。
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