no wiser than、not wiser than和no wise 的语义比较
■倪肖丁(西安)
【问】《英语惯用法大词典》(吕志士,1994,中国科学技术出版社)认为He was no wiser than his friend的言外之意是:两个都是笨人;而He was not wiser than his friend的言外之意是:两个都是聪明人。
按此逻辑,Tom is not taller than Jack是否意味着汤姆和杰克两人都是高个子?
【答】《英语惯用法大词典》上述关于no wiser和not wiser含义的两个结论都欠妥。
首先,“no+比较级”有两个不同的含义:
一是强调该形容词或副词的反面。CEED对此的定义是:to draw attention to a surprisingly large or small amount, a surprisingly long or short time, and so on 。比如no bigger than…相当于as small as。例如:
It’s no bigger than a pinhead. (CEED) (像针头那么小)
He is no more a lord than I am. (HEG)(两个都是卑微的人)
“You! An actress?!” he scoffed. “You have no more talent than I do!” (WALD)(你和我一样没什么演艺才华)
He liked the Secretary no better than his assistant. (CCED)(两人都不喜欢国务卿)
因此,R. W. ZANDVOORT把下面句子中的no better than直接解释为as bad as:
His French is no better than (i.e. as bad as) mine. (HEG)(两人的法语都差)
二是表示没有差别,恰好一样。这时候的“no+比较级”意思与“not+比较级”语义部分重叠。同时,前者具有“丝毫不…”的强化语气,与“not any+比较级”接近;后者则语气平淡。例如:
Come on! This cafe is no more expensive than the one down the road. (= This cafe charges the same prices as the cafe down the road.) (LALG) (两家的价格一样)
She hasn’t got worse, but she’s certainly no better. (CEED) (没恶化,也没好转)
The exam is no more difficult than the tests you've been doing in class. (CALD) (难度相当)
I'll pay you $75 and no more. (LDOCE) (不多不少)
如果像《英语惯用法大词典》那样,认为“no+比较级”只有上述第一个含义、一概都强调其反义(例如no wiser than等于as stupid as),那就无法解释下面这样的句子:
It's no colder today than it was yesterday but it's no warmer either(CIDE)
Next-day courier is no faster than first-class post. (LALG)
因为,如果no colder today than yesterday意为“两天都很热”,那么no warmer than yesterday就意味着“两天都很冷”,显然两个意思互相矛盾;按照英国邮政体制,“隔日到(Next-day courier)”和“一等邮(first-class post)”都是快速邮寄方式,当然不能理解为Next-day courier和first-class post都很慢。
LALG的Diagnostic Test有一道(用提示词)改写练习题如下:
Jan and Lucy are equally good at tennis. (no)= Jan is________ than Lucy at tennis.
答案为:no better/no worse。
显然,无论选用两个答案中的哪一个,都仅仅表示两人网球水平相当(equally good),(在缺乏上下文语境的情况下)既不能理解为都很差,也不能理解为都很好。
所以,你在【问】中提到的He was no wiser than his friend一句,其确切意思还需要根据上下文语境才能确定,不能断言必有“两个都是笨人”的所谓“言外之意”。
其次,“not+比较级”意为“不比(或不如)...”。例如,My bedroom isn’t bigger than yours表示“我的寝室不比(或不如)你的大”。其含义是:两个寝室一样大,或者我的不如你的大。但绝不意味着两个都是大寝室。
所以,【问】中的He was not wiser than his friend一句仅表示He的智商不比(或不如)his friend高。但《英语惯用法大词典》却认为它有“两个都是聪明人”的“言外之意”,这样的理解完全没有道理! 同理,你自拟的Tom is not taller than Jack一句也不能理解为“两人都是高个子”。
回答完你的问题之后,再谈谈no wise。按英语的习惯,如果no修饰形容词或副词的原级,那就有“强调该形容词的反义”的意思。
WALD对此时的no释义如下:used before an adjective to indicate a meaning that is the opposite of the adjective's meaning;OALD的相关释义为:used to express the opposite of what is mentioned。例如:
It is a matter of no small importance. [=it is a matter of much importance] (WALD)
It was no easy matter (= it was difficult). (OALD)
The issues are of no great interest (= only a little interest) to me.(CIDE)
Cait freely admits that she’s no good at anything except singing. (LLA)
以上信息和相关分析希望对你有用。
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