“more than”与“less than”
曾克辉(湖北·武汉)
在英语学习中,more than和less than的使用频率相当高,用法也较为复杂。笔者在此将其做分别归类,以便初学者在学习中参考。
一、more than
1. more than 可放在数词之前,表示“超过;不止;以上”,用于此意义时可与over互换使用。如:
Altogether more than 70 percent of the surface of our planet is covered by water.
“整个说来,我们这个星球的表面有百分之七十以上为水所覆盖。”
2. more than 可放在名词之前,表示“不只是;不仅仅”。
Hibernation is more than sleep. “冬眠不仅仅是睡眠。”
Bamboo is used for more than building. “竹子不只是用于建筑。”
3. more than 可用于形容词或副词前,表示“非常;十分”,与very同义。
She is more than careful. “她非常细心。”
In class, he listens more than attentively. “在课堂上,他听讲十分认真。”
4. more than之后接带有can的从句时,常表示“否定意义”。此时,从句中的谓语必须是及物动词,并且与句子的主语发生逻辑上的动宾关系。例如:
This secret is more than we can let out.“这个秘密我们是不能泄露的。”(主语secret是let out的逻辑宾语。)
比较:less than“不;很少;不到”,具有否定意义。
a) 接形容词、副词:We were busy and less than delighted to have company that day. “那天我们很忙,不高兴有客人来。”
b) The young man is less than twenty years old. “这个年轻人不到20岁。”
二、more…than
1. “与其…不如…”;“是…而不是…”,常可与“rather than或not so much…as”互换使用。
He is more like a spear than anything else.
= He is like a spear rather than anything else.
= He is not so much like anything else as like a spear.
“与其说他(指大象)像别的什么东西,不如说他像一根梭镖。”
又如:He is more poltroon than cautious. “与其说他谨慎不如说他是怯懦。”
2. more…than之后接含有can的从句同样表示否定意义。
Tom has moreinsolence than I can stand. = Tom’s insolence is more than I can stand.
“汤姆的傲慢使我难以忍受。”
比较:less… than“不象…;不是…”
Joseph is less honest than his brother. (约瑟弗不是/象他兄弟那样诚实。)
三、 no more than或 not any more than
两者的意思均为“只有;仅仅;不过”(= only; just)。前者多用于书面语;后者常用于口语。
Abram Lincoln’s whole school education added up to no more than one year.
“亚伯拉罕·林肯所受的全部学校教育总共不过一年。”
比较:no less than “不少于;不下于…之多;多达;”。
In that battle, we wiped out no less than twenty thousand enemies.
“在那一次战役中,我们消灭敌人不下两万人。”
四、no more…than或not…any more than
1. “和…一样地不…”,意味着两者都否定,但往往着重说明前面的一个分句,其作用相当于“neither…nor”。例如:
Mary is no morediligent than Tom. = Neither Mary nor Tom is diligent.
“玛丽和汤姆俩人都不勤奋。”
2.“不…正如…不…一样”,常用来加重说话者的语气。例如:
We can no more leave the Party than fish can leave water.
“我们不能离开党,正如鱼儿离不开水一样。”
比较:no less…than “(至少)和…一样”
He is no less active than he used to be. “他和以前一样活跃。”
五、not more than
常用于数词之前,意为“至多;顶多;不超过”,其意义与at (the) most相同。
There on some hay on the ground lay a peasant boy of not more than seventeen.
“地上的干草上躺着一个农家孩子,最多不过17岁。”
比较:not less than“不少于”,意义同at (the) least。
Our school has not less than / no less than three thousand students.
“我们学校拥有学生不下三千人。”
六、not more… than
“不如…;不及于…”,语气常着重于后面的一个分句,常可与“not so/as … as”互换使用。
This story is not more interesting than that one. = This story is not so/as interesting as that one.
“这个故事不如那个故事有趣。”
比较:严格说来not less…than的意思是“至少不比…差”,意味着或许还要强一些,根据费致德《现代英语惯用法词典》所说,现在基本和no less than混用。
His English is not less than yours. “他的英语至少不比你的英语差。”
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